A simplified method for predicting overflow-induced crack propagation in gravity dams using genetic algorithm and material-based model

Cracks are always a serious concern in the stability analysis of gravity dams. One of the main reasons for the initiation of cracks is overflows. In evaluating dam safety under flood conditions, it is crucial to consider the balance between the strength of the dam body and the propagation of cracks. In this context, simplified equations serve as valuable tools in dam design as they offer a quick and efficient way to estimate the behavior of the dam structure. In this study, firstly using a polygonal material-based model (P-MBM), which is improved in considering the softening behavior of joints, the micro-crack propagation in masonry material is investigated. Then, based on performing 81 numerical simulations in a parametric study on the geometrical and geotechnical properties of the dam subjected to overflow, a great database of the behavior of different dams is investigated. Then, using the genetic algorithm, a set of equations is proposed, and their accuracy is validated through UDEC simulations and some theoretical methods from existing literature. For all models, the crack tends to be horizontal at the initial phase. Then, due to increasing the compressive stresses on the downstream side, the fractures tend to the dam toe. The results also indicate that the proposed equations can reasonably determine the behavior of gravity dams and the development of cracks in the dam body. The outcomes highlighted the considerable effects of geometry and geotechnical properties on dictating the trajectory of crack growth.