A novel approach to urban turtle sampling: Assessing Hookless Fishing with clip and two conventional methods.

To address urban turtle sampling challenges, we presented Hookless fishing with clip, a cost-effective method for sampling this important group. Effectiveness, biases and potential advantages were analysed in comparison to two commonly used methods (funnel trap and hand capture). Fieldwork was conducted between August and November/2021 in four areas in Brazil, using the three methods simultaneously. A total of 195 turtles from four species (Phrynops geoffroanus, Hydromedusa tectifera, Trachemys dorbigni and T. scripta elegans) were captured. Funnel trap demonstrate a significantly higher capture than hand capture, while Hookless fishing showed no significant difference in captures compared to funnel trap. The highest catch per unit effort values were observed for the new method (0.37) and the funnel trap (0.34). Despite being widely used, funnel traps were the only method to exhibit male bias. Our findings revealed that Hookless fishing with clip exhibited remarkable capture efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and ease of transport and utilization; however, it requires operator presence. Nevertheless, the proposed method, both as the primary or auxiliary approach, appears efficient in enhancing captures and reducing costs and risks. This innovative method has the potential to assist researchers studying omnivorous and carnivores freshwater turtles in environments worldwide, especially in human settlements.