Exploring perceptual grouping by proximity principle in multistable dot lattices: Dissociation between vision-for-perception and vision-for-action

Perceptual grouping, a fundamental mechanism in our visual system, significantly influences our interpretation of and interaction with the surrounding world. This study explores the impact of the proximity principle from the perspective of the Two Visual Systems (TVS) model. The TVS model argues that the visual system comprises two distinct streams: the ventral stream, which forms the neural basis for “vision-for-perception,” and the dorsal stream, which underlies “vision-for-action.” We designed a perceptual grouping task using dot lattices as well as a line-orientation discrimination task. Data were collected using vocal and mouse methods for the vision-for-perception mode, and joystick and pen-paper methods for the vision-for-action mode. Each method, except for vocal, included separate blocks for right and left hands. The proximity data were fitted using exponential and power models. Linear mixed-effects models were used for the statistical analyses. The results revealed similar line-orientation discrimination accuracy across all conditions. The exponential model emerged as the best fit, demonstrating adherence to the Pure Distance Law in both perceptual modes. Sensitivity to the proximity principle was higher in the vision-for-action mode compared to the vision-for-perception. In terms of orientation biases, a strong preference for vertical orientation was observed in the vision-for-perception mode, whereas a noticeable preference toward either of the oblique orientations was detected in the vision-for-action mode. Analysis of free-drawn lines demonstrated an affordance bias in the vision-for-action mode. This suggests a remarkable tendency to perceive organizations within specific orientations that offer more affordances due to the interaction between the body postures and tools.