Characteristics of life-cycle carbon dioxide emissions of arterial highway maintenance and the influencing factors

With the focus of highway development transitioning from construction to maintenance, a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics and influencing factors of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from highway maintenance activities is crucial for formulating effective strategies to promote the low-carbon development of road infrastructure. However, the quantitative relationships between CO₂ emissions from highway maintenance schemes and factors such as pavement deterioration, traffic volume, and road grade remain unclear owing to a lack of comprehensive, multi-category, and real data. Using real maintenance data from 340 arterial highway segments in China, this study conducts the life cycle assessment (LCA) to estimate CO₂ emissions from maintenance activities and examines the primary emission sources among various structural layers and materials. Furthermore, multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis is conducted to investigate the impact of traffic volume, road grade, and pavement deterioration on CO₂ emissions from maintenance projects, and factors influencing the early-stage degradation of pavement performance. The results demonstrate that average CO₂ emissions from heavy rehabilitation projects are 6.97 times higher than those from medium rehabilitation projects. Emissions from heavy rehabilitation projects exhibit a significantly negative linear relationship with the riding quality index (RQI) before maintenance (p < 0.05), and emissions from medium rehabilitation projects show a significant negative linear relationship with the pavement condition index (PCI) before maintenance (p < 0.05). Emissions from heavy and medium rehabilitation projects are significantly positively correlated with heavy vehicle traffic volume before maintenance (p < 0.05). Moreover, the early-stage degradation of PCI after heavy rehabilitation and RQI after medium rehabilitation exhibit significantly negative linear relationships with their respective indicators before maintenance (p < 0.05). The early-stage degradation of RQI after heavy rehabilitation is significantly positively correlated with CO₂ emissions from the base course and cushion layers (p < 0.05). The findings emphasize that timely maintenance and reduction of CO₂ emissions from asphalt mixing equipment are essential for mitigating emissions from road maintenance. This study offers valuable insights for advancing the low-carbon development of highways in temperate regions.