Surface hardness imaging of a low-alloy steel using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Conventional tactile hardness testing methods such as Brinell, Rockwell or Vickers rely on direct mechanical contact, which results in significant surface damage and prohibits their application to complex specimen geometries. Furthermore, the sample must have a certain thickness for tactile testing methods to be applied. In this work, we investigated the use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy as a fast non-quantitative alternative for visualizing surface hardness gradients. To eliminate the influence of different chemical compositions, we manually heat-treated low-alloy steel pieces cut from the same raw material and batch. By partially quenching a sample piece, we were able to obtain a hardness gradient along the longitudinal axis. We found a positive correlation between the ratio of ionic to atomic line intensities of iron (I _{Fe II 263.1 nm} / I _{Fe I 358.1 nm}) and the mechanical hardness of the sample surface. By scanning the surface and measuring the line intensity ratios, we were able to obtain a spatially resolved map directly correlating with the surface hardness distribution. Additionally, it was observed that the irradiation of laser pulses resulted in significant surface alterations, thereby invalidating subsequent measurements and scans at identical positions.