Dynamic evolution of zinc directional deposition: Toward precise interface manipulation for reversible zinc metal anodes

The deployment of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) in grid energy storage systems has gained escalating prominence and sparked significant interest. Despite considerable efforts devoted to improving the stability and reversibility of anode interface, it is necessary to remain vigilant regarding inherent flaws in electrolytes and zinc anodes that may be hidden beneath the facade of prosperity. To eliminate the notorious anode issues of dendrite formation and side reactions, a comprehensive understanding of the zinc directional deposition process is of significant importance. Devising targeted strategies based on fundamental mechanisms leads to prominent advancements and transformative leaps forward. Therefore, this review delves into ion adsorption, nucleation mechanism, and growth behavior during directional deposition, providing insights into the reasons behind the unstable anode interface. A summary of research progress on interface manipulation and viable evaluation standard protocols is discussed, which will enable the impact of aqueous ZIBs to be properly assessed in the future.