Hongyuan Zhao, Jianping Li, Yuan Liu, Emerson Delarme, Ning Wang
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The AMO+ induces positive uniform PPE anomalies over the ocean through precipitation heating, leading to decreased energy conversion to perturbation kinetic energy (PKE) and a large-scale anomalous cyclone. For the NAT+, tripolar precipitation anomalies result in tripolar PPE anomalies. Anomalous energy conversions occur where the PPE anomaly gradient is large, explained by an energy balance derived from thermal wind relationship. The PKE around 15°N and 50°N (25°N and 75°N) increases (decreases), forming the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone at subtropical and subpolar region, respectively, known as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The reverse holds for the NAT− and AMO−. As the phases of the ocean modes alternate, the energetics induce the NAU−, NAO−, NAU+, and NAO+ sequentially. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
北大西洋海洋强迫被认为是北大西洋大气十年多变性的重要起源。在此,我们利用扰动势能(PPE)理论揭示了这一现象的能量机制。与之前的模式研究相吻合,我们观测到了大西洋多年代振荡(AMO)和北大西洋三极(NAT)的周期模式:AMO正相(AMO+,以下同)→NAT-→AMO-→NAT+,相位滞后约15~20年。以北大西洋海盆尺度海平面气压异常为特征的大气模式与 AMO 有关,称为北大西洋均匀性(NAU)。AMO+ 通过降水加热在海洋上空诱发正的均匀 PPE 异常,导致能量转换为扰动动能(PKE)的减少和大尺度异常气旋。对于 NAT+,三极降水异常导致三极 PPE 异常。在 PPE 异常梯度较大的地方会出现异常能量转换,这可以用热风关系得出的能量平衡来解释。15°N 和 50°N (25°N 和 75°N)附近的 PKE 增加(减少),分别在副热带和副极地地区形成异常反气旋和气旋,即北大西洋涛动(NAO)。北大西洋涛动和南大西洋涛动的情况正好相反。随着海洋模式相位的交替,能量依次引起 NAU-、NAO-、NAU+ 和 NAO+。在多年代周期中,能量累积过程与延迟效应有关,NAU 和 NAO 之间的差异解释归因于反馈机制。
Multidecadal variability from ocean to atmosphere in the North Atlantic: Perturbation potential energy as the bridge
The North Atlantic Ocean forcings are considered an important origin of the North Atlantic atmospheric multidecadal variability. Here we reveal the energetics mechanisms of the phenomenon using the perturbation potential energy (PPE) theory. Supporting the previous model studies, a cyclic pattern involving the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and North Atlantic tripole (NAT) is observed: positive AMO phase (AMO+, similarly hereafter) →NAT−→AMO−→NAT+, with a phase lag of approximately 15~20 years. An atmospheric mode characterized by basin-scale sea level pressure anomaly in the North Atlantic is associated with the AMO, which is termed the North Atlantic uniformity (NAU). The AMO+ induces positive uniform PPE anomalies over the ocean through precipitation heating, leading to decreased energy conversion to perturbation kinetic energy (PKE) and a large-scale anomalous cyclone. For the NAT+, tripolar precipitation anomalies result in tripolar PPE anomalies. Anomalous energy conversions occur where the PPE anomaly gradient is large, explained by an energy balance derived from thermal wind relationship. The PKE around 15°N and 50°N (25°N and 75°N) increases (decreases), forming the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone at subtropical and subpolar region, respectively, known as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The reverse holds for the NAT− and AMO−. As the phases of the ocean modes alternate, the energetics induce the NAU−, NAO−, NAU+, and NAO+ sequentially. In the multidecadal cycle, the accumulated energetics process is related to delayed effect, and the difference in variance explanation between the NAU and NAO is attributed to the feedback mechanisms.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Climate (JCLI) (ISSN: 0894-8755; eISSN: 1520-0442) publishes research that advances basic understanding of the dynamics and physics of the climate system on large spatial scales, including variability of the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, and cryosphere; past, present, and projected future changes in the climate system; and climate simulation and prediction.