Increased risky choice during forced abstinence from fentanyl on the cued rat gambling task.

Rationale: The use of illicit opioids has arguably never been more risky; street drug potency can be dangerously high, is often unknown to the consumer, and results in multiple daily fatalities worldwide. Furthermore, substance use disorder (SUD) is associated with increased maladaptive, risky decisions in laboratory-based gambling tasks. Animal studies can help determine whether this decision-making deficit is a cause or consequence of drug use. However, most experiments have only assessed psychostimulant drugs.

Objectives: To assess differences in decision-making strategies both before, during, and after self-administration of fentanyl in male and female Long Evans rats.

Methods: Male and female Long Evans rats were trained to perform the rat gambling task (rGT), loosely based on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) used clinically, and/or self-administer fentanyl. We used the cued version of the rGT, in which sound and light stimuli signal sugar pellet rewards, as cocaine self-administration has the greatest effects on decision making in this task variant.

Results: After training on the cued rGT, female rats self-administered fentanyl more readily, an effect that was most apparent in optimal decision-makers. Contrary to previous reports using cocaine self-administration, decision-making was unaffected during fentanyl self-administration training in either sex. However, risky decision-making increased throughout forced abstinence from fentanyl in males.

Conclusions: These findings complement those from human subjects, in whom preference for uncertain outcomes increased before relapse. These data highlight an abstinence-induced change in cognition that is unique to opiates as compared to psychostimulants, and which may critically contribute to the maintenance of addiction and relapse.