Fast and efficient extraction and determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs using poly(8-hydroxyquinoline)-coated magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposite prior to capillary electrophoresis analysis in wastewater, breast milk, and urine samples

In this study, magnetic graphene oxide coated with poly(8-hydroxyquinoline) was successfully synthesized, characterized, and utilized as a novel sorbent for the ultrasonic-assisted dispersive magnetic solid-phase extraction of naproxen and ibuprofen. These analytes served as representative analytes for two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in various real samples. Characterization techniques, such as IR, X-ray powder diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray-mapping, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), were used to confirm the correctness synthesis and preparation of the nanocomposites. Effective parameters on the extraction efficiency were investigated to maximize the analytical performance of the developed method. The dynamic range (1–1000 µg L⁻¹), coefficients of determination (R² ≥ 0.997), the limits of detection (0.3–1.0 µg L⁻¹), and limit of quantification (1.0–3.0 µg L⁻¹), intra-day and inter-day precisions (3.5%–7.2%) were achieved. The method validation results showed extraction recovery ranging from 80.4% to 96.0% and preconcentration factors ranging from 137 to 140.