Storm deposits and trace fossils of Xinji Formation (Cambrian Series 2) in the southern margin of North China Plate

The Xinji Formation (Cambrian Series 2) in the southern margin of the North China Plate developed typical siliciclastic storm deposits and abundant trace fossils. These deposits are characterized by essential indicators, such as erosional surfaces, lag deposits, blocky beddings, hummocky cross stratifications, horizontal or wavy beddings. Storm deposits in the study area are dominated by the development of hummocky cross stratifications, which is categorized into five storm deposit types based on the arrangement of different sedimentary units in the profile. These five types of storm deposits from I to V show the transition from proximal storm deposits to distal storm deposits, the gradual weakening of storm intensity, and the associated growth of quiescent intervals. The trace fossils are mainly developed in the sandstone-mudstone interbeds between storm events and include 14 ichnospecies in 11 ichnogenera: isp., , , , , , isp., , , , isp., isp., , . By analyzing the ichnological index (burrow size, BPBI, ichnodiversity and ichnodisparity) from different storm deposits, it can be seen that from storm deposit type I to storm deposit type V, the ichnological index shows an increasing trend. Combined with the relationship between storm deposits and trace fossils, it is inferred that differences in storm intensity result in different colonization windows, and thus variations in ichnological index of preserved trace fossils. Based on the characteristics of storm deposits and distribution of trace fossils, the preservation forms of trace fossils under storm influence are explored.