零效应:风险选择中的情感和动机的眼动追踪研究

IF 1.8 3区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED
Jonas Ludwig, Alexander Jaudas, Anja Achtziger
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引用次数: 0

摘要

相对于风险赌博,决策者往往更倾向于安全获胜,即使后者比前者承诺的回报更高。解释这种选择模式的一种机制是确定性效应,即人们对 0 和 1 的概率会做出准确的解释,但对中间概率则会因敏感度降低而产生扭曲。我们测试了最近提出的另一种解释,即人们的动机是避免零结果,而不是被确定的收益所吸引。这种收益领域选择中的零结果厌恶被称为零效应。通过类比,我们提出决策者在损失领域会接近零结果。两个眼动追踪实验研究了视觉注意力作为零效应在收益领域(实验 1)和损失领域(实验 2)的关键组成部分。实验结果与零效应一致。在收益领域,如果赌局的结果为零,则赌注的选择频率较低。相反,在损失领域,零结果赌局的选择频率更高。眼动和瞳孔测量法表明,在这两个领域中,零结果(a)比其他结果更少被固定,(b)与唤醒度提高有关。我们的结论是,特定领域对零结果的情感反应与接近/回避动机相一致。这些不同的动机反过来又影响了信息搜索和选择行为。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

The Zero Effect: An Eye-Tracking Study of Affect and Motivation in Risky Choices

The Zero Effect: An Eye-Tracking Study of Affect and Motivation in Risky Choices

Decision makers often prefer safe wins over risky gambles, even if the latter promise higher payoffs than the former. One mechanism that explains this choice pattern is the certainty effect, whereby probabilities of 0 and 1 are interpreted accurately but intermediate probabilities are distorted by diminishing sensitivity. We tested an alternative explanation that was recently proposed, the idea that people would be motivated by avoiding zero outcomes rather than being attracted to sure gains. This zero-outcome aversion in gain-domain choices was called the zero effect. By analogy, we proposed that decision makers would approach zero outcomes in the loss domain. Two eye-tracking experiments investigated visual attention as a key component of the zero effect in the gain domain (Experiment 1) and the loss domain (Experiment 2). Choices were consistent with the zero effect. In the gain domain, gambles were chosen less frequently if they included a zero outcome. In contrast, zero-outcome gambles were chosen more frequently in the loss domain. Eye movements and pupillometry indicated that zero outcomes in both domains (a) were less frequently fixated than other outcomes and (b) were associated with increased arousal. We concluded that domain-specific affective responses to zero outcomes aligned with approach/avoidance motivation. These distinct motivations in turn biased information search and choice behavior.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
4.40
自引率
5.00%
发文量
40
期刊介绍: The Journal of Behavioral Decision Making is a multidisciplinary journal with a broad base of content and style. It publishes original empirical reports, critical review papers, theoretical analyses and methodological contributions. The Journal also features book, software and decision aiding technique reviews, abstracts of important articles published elsewhere and teaching suggestions. The objective of the Journal is to present and stimulate behavioral research on decision making and to provide a forum for the evaluation of complementary, contrasting and conflicting perspectives. These perspectives include psychology, management science, sociology, political science and economics. Studies of behavioral decision making in naturalistic and applied settings are encouraged.
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