Interannual variation of the westward ridge point of the Western Pacific subtropical high in boreal winter

This study adopts a novel dynamic index of the westward ridge point (WRP) of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) to investigate the interannual variation of the WPSH in boreal winter. The WRP index based on the theory of gradient wind approximation is particularly suitable for boreal winters. The WRP index comprises two dimensions that depict the zonal and meridional movement of the WPSH, respectively. There is a significant positive correlation between the zonal WRP index and the meridional WRP index. When the WPSH gets stronger, the WRP and the WPSH shift equatorward while advancing westward, and vice versa. The zonal and meridional shifts of the WPSH have distinct impact on the climate anomalies in the western North Pacific and East Asia. The northward shift of the WPSH characterizes a cyclonic-anticyclonic pair over western North Pacific, whereas the eastward shift of the WPSH characterizes a cyclonic anomaly over the subtropical western North Pacific. The anomalies of precipitation and surface air temperature vary accordingly. The meridional shift of the WPSH is closely associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies. The WRP index also demonstrates robust predictability in the hindcast data from ENSEMBLES, suggesting its far-reaching potential for climate prediction.