Exploring the evolutionary landscape and structural resonances of ferritin with insights into functional significance in plant

The mineral iron plays a crucial role in facilitating the optimal functioning of numerous biological processes within the cellular environment. These processes involve the transportation of oxygen, energy production, immune system functioning, cognitive abilities, and muscle function. However, it is crucial to note that excessive levels of iron can result in oxidative damage within cells, primarily through Fenton reactions. Iron availability and toxicity present significant challenges that have been addressed through evolution. Ferritin is an essential protein that stores iron and is divided into different subfamilies, including DNA-binding proteins under starvation (Dps), bacterioferritin, and classical ferritin. Ferritin plays a critical role in maintaining cellular balance and protecting against oxidative damage. This study delves into ferritin's evolutionary dynamics across diverse taxa, emphasizing structural features and regulatory mechanisms. Insights into ferritin's evolution and functional diversity are gained through phylogenetic and structural analysis in bacterial Dps, bacterioferritin, and classical ferritin proteins. Additionally, the involvement of ferritin in plant stress responses and development is explored. Analysis of ferritin gene expression across various developmental stages and stress conditions provides insights into its regulatory roles. This comprehensive exploration enhances our understanding of ferritin's significance in plant biology, offering insights into its evolutionary history, structural diversity, and protective mechanisms against oxidative stress.