Unifying approaches to understanding capacity in change detection.

To navigate changes within a highly dynamic and complex environment, it is crucial to compare current visual representations of a scene to previously formed representations stored in memory. This process of mental comparison requires integrating information from multiple sources to inform decisions about changes within the environment. In the present article, we combine a novel systems factorial technology change detection task (Blunden et al., 2022) with a set size manipulation. Participants were required to detect 0, 1, or 2 changes of low and high detectability between a memory and probe array of 1-4 spatially separated luminance discs. Analyses using systems factorial technology indicated that the processing architecture was consistent across set sizes but that capacity was always limited and decreased as the number of distractors increased. We developed a novel model of change detection based on the statistical principles of basic sampling theory (Palmer, 1990; Sewell et al., 2014). The sample size model, instantiated parametrically, predicts the architecture and capacity results a priori and quantitatively accounted for several key results observed in the data: (a) increasing set size acted to decrease sensitivity (d') in proportion to the square root of the number of items in the display; (b) the effect of redundancy benefited performance by a factor of the square root of the number of changes; and (c) the effect of change detectability was separable and independent of the sample size costs and redundancy benefits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).