LC-ESI-MS/MS-based molecular networking, antioxidant, anti-glioma activity and molecular docking studies of Clematis graveolens.

Clematis graveolens Lindl., an indigenous climbing plant found in the Himalayan areas, is used by local communities for the treatment of neck tumors. The objective of this work is to examine the comprehensive metabolomic profile, antioxidant capability, in vitro and in silico anti-glioma effects on U-87 human glioma cell lines of the crude extract and fractions from C. graveolens. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) was used to establish detailed metabolite profiling of C. graveolens. The assessment of cell cytotoxicity was conducted using MTT cell viability assay on U-87 and BHK-21. Through molecular docking studies, the mode of inhibition and binding interaction between identified compounds and target proteins were also determined to evaluate the in vitro results. The use of LC-MS/MS-based global natural products social (GNPS) molecular networking analysis resulted in the identification of 27 compounds. The crude extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and chloroform fraction exhibited significant inhibitory activity against the U-87 cell lines, with IC₅₀ values of 112.0, 138.1, and 142.7 µg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited significant inhibitory concentration for 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity and the metal chelation activity with IC₅₀ value of 39.50 µg/mL, 32.27 µg/mL, and 53.46 µg/mL, respectively. The crude extract showed maximum total phenolic, and total flavonoid concentration measuring 338.7 µg GAE/mg, and 177.04 µg QE/mg, respectively. The findings of this study indicate that C. graveolens consists of a diverse range of active phytoconstituents that possess antioxidant and anti-glioma properties.