Clopidogrel Resistance in Ischemic Stroke Patients.

Abstract: Stroke remained the second leading cause of death globally in 2019. The antiplatelet drug clopidogrel is used to keep blood clots from forming in people who have experienced a stroke. Although most people find clopidogrel to be safe and beneficial, there is inevitably a range in how each patient responds.The review covers about Clopidogrel resistance in stroke patients, their risk factors and the methods to identify it. Clopidogrel resistance is characterized as the drug's inability to prevent the target enzyme from acting. The prognosis of patients with ischemic stroke and the responsiveness to clopidogrel are significantly impacted by the various genetic polymorphism CYP2C19 genotypes. The two primary mutant alleles, CYP2C19 *2 and CYP2C19 *3, have been found to be the most prevalent genotypes. Better mRS scores six months after treatment showed a higher response rate in patients without these CYP2C19 variant alleles. Other factors are drug-drug interaction (proton pump inhibitors), demographics (age, sex, social history), comorbid conditions, etc. Blood samples for testing platelet reactivity were drawn one month after discharge from a peripheral blood sample. Several methods are used to identify the clopidogrel resistance. Some of them are ADP-Induced platelet aggregation, Platelet Reactivity Index VASP, Verify Now Assay, TEG Analyzer, Plasma microRNA-223. Drugs that are not prodrugs and whose metabolism is not dependent upon CYP2C19 can be selected as a superior alternative in case of CR. Ticagrelor is one such effective substitute. Proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel should only be used concurrently in patients with reliable clinical indications.