原子环境:核技术、自然世界与决策,1945-1960 年》,尼尔-S-奥茨瓦尔著(评论)

IF 0.8 3区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
E. Jerry Jessee
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Three weeks later Hiroshima lay in ruins, strikingly demonstrating the devastating power that scientists had managed to wrest from the atom.</p> <p>In the eighty years since Trinity, historians have produced a vast literature documenting how efforts to confront a future of apocalyptic nuclear weaponry utterly transformed society and politics. One major consequence of the nuclear apocalyptic imaginary, as Donald Worster noted, was the rise of environmental consciousness: “The Age of Ecology began on the desert outside of Alamogordo, New Mexico on July 16, 1945,” he memorably declared in <em>Nature’s Economy</em> (1977). Since then, scholars have deepened Worster’s formulation of the connections between the atomic age and the age of ecology by showing how scientists’ eagerness to work with nuclear technologies shaped the growth and influence of the “environmental sciences” (Hagen, <em>An Entangled Bank</em>, 1992; Rainger, “‘A Wonderful Oceanographic Tool,’” 2004). More recently, driven perhaps by our contemporary confrontation with the climate apocalypse, Jacob Darwin Hamblin (<em>Arming Mother Nature</em>, 2013), Joseph Masco (“Bad Weather,” 2010), and Matthias Dörries (“The Politics of Atmospheric Sciences,” 2011) have suggested compellingly that the perceived world-altering power of nuclear weaponry provided a critical context through which visions of global environmental vulnerability, planetary threat, and perhaps the very idea of the “global environment” came to be. <strong>[End Page 1059]</strong></p> <p>It is within this heady research that <em>Atomic Environments</em> offers an examination of the interplay between nuclear technologies and the environment from the origins of the bomb to 1960. The book opens in the Nevada desert with the 1953 Encore test to illustrate “how environmental considerations impacted the development of the US nuclear program” (p. 3). For this test, officials uprooted 145 ponderosa trees and placed them in concrete footings to simulate a forest, which was leveled when Encore detonated a mile away. Destroying the constructed forest informed weapons testers’ understanding of the bomb. “Ecological knowledge,” Oatsvall claims, “. . . buttressed nuclear science” (p. 2). The main thrust of the book, however, centers much less on the scientists who utilized nuclear technologies to construct knowledge of the environment. The book does not make much of the constructedness of the forest to ask questions about how “nature” was deployed as a technology in atomic development either. <em>Atomic Environments</em> is instead interested in how “environmental ideas became essential to the institutions of nuclear policymaking at the highest levels” and how “politicians, bureaucrats, and their institutions mediated those understandings” (p. 6).</p> <p>One strength of <em>Atomic Environments</em> lies in its breadth. In two parts, the book brings together relatively well-covered topics that are usually treated separately to draw generalizations about the critical links between the environment and nuclear science. Part 1 is focused largely on how Truman- and Eisenhower-era policymakers within the US Atomic Energy Commission drew from environmental knowledge to test nuclear bombs, evaluate fallout effects, and detect Soviet nuclear developments in the run up to the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty (surprisingly, not examined here). “Executive policymakers,” Oatsvall argues in the first chapter, drew on environmental science to “locate and craft functionally ‘natural’ habitats for the testing of atomic bombs” (p. 16). At the same time, <em>Atomic Environments</em> also aims to show that environmental science offered something of a check on weapons development: “Increasing sophistication of environmental science caused the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and executive branch to take fallout more seriously” (p. 46), even as policymakers prioritized national security over human and ecological health concerns. The two final chapters comprising the second part of the book expand the analysis beyond fallout by detailing how nuclear research aimed at improving agriculture was deployed to promote the “peaceful atom,” while the atomic establishment also mobilized oceanographers to deal with the intractable problem of radioactive waste disposal in the oceans.</p> <p>Despite the book’s admirable effort...</p> </p>","PeriodicalId":49446,"journal":{"name":"Technology and Culture","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.8000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Atomic Environments: Nuclear Technologies, the Natural World, and Policymaking, 1945–1960 by Neil S. Oatsvall (review)\",\"authors\":\"E. 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Three weeks later Hiroshima lay in ruins, strikingly demonstrating the devastating power that scientists had managed to wrest from the atom.</p> <p>In the eighty years since Trinity, historians have produced a vast literature documenting how efforts to confront a future of apocalyptic nuclear weaponry utterly transformed society and politics. One major consequence of the nuclear apocalyptic imaginary, as Donald Worster noted, was the rise of environmental consciousness: “The Age of Ecology began on the desert outside of Alamogordo, New Mexico on July 16, 1945,” he memorably declared in <em>Nature’s Economy</em> (1977). Since then, scholars have deepened Worster’s formulation of the connections between the atomic age and the age of ecology by showing how scientists’ eagerness to work with nuclear technologies shaped the growth and influence of the “environmental sciences” (Hagen, <em>An Entangled Bank</em>, 1992; Rainger, “‘A Wonderful Oceanographic Tool,’” 2004). More recently, driven perhaps by our contemporary confrontation with the climate apocalypse, Jacob Darwin Hamblin (<em>Arming Mother Nature</em>, 2013), Joseph Masco (“Bad Weather,” 2010), and Matthias Dörries (“The Politics of Atmospheric Sciences,” 2011) have suggested compellingly that the perceived world-altering power of nuclear weaponry provided a critical context through which visions of global environmental vulnerability, planetary threat, and perhaps the very idea of the “global environment” came to be. <strong>[End Page 1059]</strong></p> <p>It is within this heady research that <em>Atomic Environments</em> offers an examination of the interplay between nuclear technologies and the environment from the origins of the bomb to 1960. The book opens in the Nevada desert with the 1953 Encore test to illustrate “how environmental considerations impacted the development of the US nuclear program” (p. 3). For this test, officials uprooted 145 ponderosa trees and placed them in concrete footings to simulate a forest, which was leveled when Encore detonated a mile away. Destroying the constructed forest informed weapons testers’ understanding of the bomb. “Ecological knowledge,” Oatsvall claims, “. . . buttressed nuclear science” (p. 2). The main thrust of the book, however, centers much less on the scientists who utilized nuclear technologies to construct knowledge of the environment. The book does not make much of the constructedness of the forest to ask questions about how “nature” was deployed as a technology in atomic development either. <em>Atomic Environments</em> is instead interested in how “environmental ideas became essential to the institutions of nuclear policymaking at the highest levels” and how “politicians, bureaucrats, and their institutions mediated those understandings” (p. 6).</p> <p>One strength of <em>Atomic Environments</em> lies in its breadth. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

审查人: 原子环境:Neil S. Oatsvall E. Jerry Jessee (bio) Atomic Environments:核技术、自然世界与决策,1945-1960 年》,尼尔-S-奥茨沃尔著。塔斯卡卢萨:阿拉巴马大学出版社,2023 年。第 264 页。1945 年 7 月 16 日,当曼哈顿计划在新墨西哥州中部的沙漠中引爆世界上第一颗原子弹(特尼狄核弹)时,世界发生了不可逆转的变化。三周后,广岛成为一片废墟,科学家们成功地从原子中提取出的毁灭性力量令人震惊。在《特尼狄核弹》问世后的80年里,历史学家们创作了大量文献,记录了面对未来世界末日般的核武器所做的努力如何彻底改变了社会和政治。唐纳德-沃斯特(Donald Worster)指出,核末日想象的一个主要后果是环境意识的崛起:他在《自然经济》(1977 年)一书中令人难忘地宣称:"生态时代始于 1945 年 7 月 16 日新墨西哥州阿拉莫戈多郊外的沙漠"。从那时起,学者们深化了沃斯特关于原子时代与生态学时代之间联系的表述,揭示了科学家们对核技术的渴望如何影响了 "环境科学 "的发展和影响(哈根,《一个纠缠不清的银行》,1992 年;Rainger,《一个奇妙的海洋学工具》,2004 年)。最近,雅各布-达尔文-汉布林(Jacob Darwin Hamblin)(《武装自然母亲》,2013 年)、约瑟夫-马斯科(Joseph Masco)(《坏天气》,2010 年)和马蒂亚斯-多里斯(Matthias Dörries)(《大气科学的政治学》,2011 年)或许是受我们当代面对气候启示录的影响,令人信服地指出,人们所认为的核武器改变世界的力量提供了一个关键的背景,全球环境脆弱性、地球威胁,或许还有 "全球环境 "这一概念正是在这一背景下产生的。[原子环境》正是在这种令人兴奋的研究背景下,审视了从原子弹诞生到 1960 年核技术与环境之间的相互作用。本书以内华达沙漠中 1953 年的 "安科雷 "试验开篇,说明 "环境因素如何影响美国核计划的发展"(第 3 页)。在这次试验中,官员们连根拔起了 145 棵松柏,并将它们放置在混凝土基座上,以模拟出一片森林。摧毁建造的森林有助于武器试验人员了解炸弹。"生态知识",Oatsvall 声称,"......支撑了核科学"(第 2 页)。然而,该书的主旨并不集中在利用核技术构建环境知识的科学家身上。该书也没有过多地利用森林的建构性来提问 "自然 "是如何在原子发展中被用作一种技术的。相反,《原子环境》关注的是 "环境理念如何成为最高层核政策制定机构的基本要素",以及 "政治家、官僚及其机构如何对这些理解进行调解"(第 6 页)。原子环境》的优势之一在于其广度。本书分为两部分,汇集了通常单独处理的相对较好的主题,对环境与核科学之间的重要联系进行了概括。第一部分主要关注杜鲁门和艾森豪威尔时期美国原子能委员会的决策者们如何利用环境知识来试验核弹、评估核沉降效应以及探测苏联在 1963 年《有限禁试条约》(令人惊讶的是,这里并未对此进行研究)之前的核发展情况。Oatsvall 在第一章中指出,"行政决策者们 "利用环境科学来 "为原子弹试验寻找和打造功能上'自然'的栖息地"(第 16 页)。同时,《原子环境》还旨在说明环境科学对武器研发起到了一定的制约作用:"环境科学的日益成熟促使原子能委员会(AEC)和行政部门更加认真地对待放射性尘埃问题"(第 46 页),尽管政策制定者将国家安全置于人类和生态健康问题之上。该书第二部分的最后两章将分析扩展到了放射性尘埃之外,详细介绍了旨在改善农业的核研究是如何被用来促进 "和平原子 "的,同时原子能机构还动员海洋学家来解决海洋中放射性废物处理这一棘手问题。尽管该书的努力令人钦佩......
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Atomic Environments: Nuclear Technologies, the Natural World, and Policymaking, 1945–1960 by Neil S. Oatsvall (review)

Reviewed by:

  • Atomic Environments: Nuclear Technologies, the Natural World, and Policymaking, 1945–1960 by Neil S. Oatsvall
  • E. Jerry Jessee (bio)
Atomic Environments: Nuclear Technologies, the Natural World, and Policymaking, 1945–1960
By Neil S. Oatsvall. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2023. Pp. 264.

The world was irrevocably changed on July 16, 1945, when the Manhattan Project detonated the world’s first atomic bomb (Trinity) in the desert of central New Mexico. Three weeks later Hiroshima lay in ruins, strikingly demonstrating the devastating power that scientists had managed to wrest from the atom.

In the eighty years since Trinity, historians have produced a vast literature documenting how efforts to confront a future of apocalyptic nuclear weaponry utterly transformed society and politics. One major consequence of the nuclear apocalyptic imaginary, as Donald Worster noted, was the rise of environmental consciousness: “The Age of Ecology began on the desert outside of Alamogordo, New Mexico on July 16, 1945,” he memorably declared in Nature’s Economy (1977). Since then, scholars have deepened Worster’s formulation of the connections between the atomic age and the age of ecology by showing how scientists’ eagerness to work with nuclear technologies shaped the growth and influence of the “environmental sciences” (Hagen, An Entangled Bank, 1992; Rainger, “‘A Wonderful Oceanographic Tool,’” 2004). More recently, driven perhaps by our contemporary confrontation with the climate apocalypse, Jacob Darwin Hamblin (Arming Mother Nature, 2013), Joseph Masco (“Bad Weather,” 2010), and Matthias Dörries (“The Politics of Atmospheric Sciences,” 2011) have suggested compellingly that the perceived world-altering power of nuclear weaponry provided a critical context through which visions of global environmental vulnerability, planetary threat, and perhaps the very idea of the “global environment” came to be. [End Page 1059]

It is within this heady research that Atomic Environments offers an examination of the interplay between nuclear technologies and the environment from the origins of the bomb to 1960. The book opens in the Nevada desert with the 1953 Encore test to illustrate “how environmental considerations impacted the development of the US nuclear program” (p. 3). For this test, officials uprooted 145 ponderosa trees and placed them in concrete footings to simulate a forest, which was leveled when Encore detonated a mile away. Destroying the constructed forest informed weapons testers’ understanding of the bomb. “Ecological knowledge,” Oatsvall claims, “. . . buttressed nuclear science” (p. 2). The main thrust of the book, however, centers much less on the scientists who utilized nuclear technologies to construct knowledge of the environment. The book does not make much of the constructedness of the forest to ask questions about how “nature” was deployed as a technology in atomic development either. Atomic Environments is instead interested in how “environmental ideas became essential to the institutions of nuclear policymaking at the highest levels” and how “politicians, bureaucrats, and their institutions mediated those understandings” (p. 6).

One strength of Atomic Environments lies in its breadth. In two parts, the book brings together relatively well-covered topics that are usually treated separately to draw generalizations about the critical links between the environment and nuclear science. Part 1 is focused largely on how Truman- and Eisenhower-era policymakers within the US Atomic Energy Commission drew from environmental knowledge to test nuclear bombs, evaluate fallout effects, and detect Soviet nuclear developments in the run up to the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty (surprisingly, not examined here). “Executive policymakers,” Oatsvall argues in the first chapter, drew on environmental science to “locate and craft functionally ‘natural’ habitats for the testing of atomic bombs” (p. 16). At the same time, Atomic Environments also aims to show that environmental science offered something of a check on weapons development: “Increasing sophistication of environmental science caused the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and executive branch to take fallout more seriously” (p. 46), even as policymakers prioritized national security over human and ecological health concerns. The two final chapters comprising the second part of the book expand the analysis beyond fallout by detailing how nuclear research aimed at improving agriculture was deployed to promote the “peaceful atom,” while the atomic establishment also mobilized oceanographers to deal with the intractable problem of radioactive waste disposal in the oceans.

Despite the book’s admirable effort...

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来源期刊
Technology and Culture
Technology and Culture 社会科学-科学史与科学哲学
CiteScore
0.60
自引率
14.30%
发文量
225
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Technology and Culture, the preeminent journal of the history of technology, draws on scholarship in diverse disciplines to publish insightful pieces intended for general readers as well as specialists. Subscribers include scientists, engineers, anthropologists, sociologists, economists, museum curators, archivists, scholars, librarians, educators, historians, and many others. In addition to scholarly essays, each issue features 30-40 book reviews and reviews of new museum exhibitions. To illuminate important debates and draw attention to specific topics, the journal occasionally publishes thematic issues. Technology and Culture is the official journal of the Society for the History of Technology (SHOT).
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