Real-space calculation of thermal Hall effects in strained and disordered kagome ferromagnets

Ferromagnetic insulators may exhibit magnon Hall effects when subjected to a temperature gradient due to the Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction. In this study, we investigate the magnon thermal Hall conductivity of kagome ferromagnets in real space using the kernel polynomial method. We first establish the formalism in real space within the framework of linear response theory, which enables efficient numerical calculations of thermal transport properties under various imperfections. The validity and accuracy of the real-space approach are confirmed by comparing the calculations with those obtained in momentum space. This approach is particularly advantageous for computing the thermal transport coefficients of disordered lattices. We consider two types of disorder in kagome ferromagnets and observe that both types significantly influence across the entire temperature range. This is in contrast to the effects of strains, where strains primarily impact the maximum values of .