Evaluation of Brain Function Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment in a Porcine Model by Cross-Group Temporal-Spatial Correlation Analysis.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a significant global health issue, is affecting ∼69 million annually. To better understand TBI's impact on brain function and assess the efficacy of treatments, this study uses a novel temporal-spatial cross-group approach with a porcine model, integrating resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) for temporal and arterial spin labeling for spatial information. Our research used 18 four-week-old pigs divided into three groups: TBI treated with saline (SLN, n = 6), TBI treated with fecal microbial transplant (FMT, n = 6), and a sham group (sham, n = 6) with only craniectomy surgery as the baseline. By applying machine learning techniques-specifically, independent component analysis and sparse dictionary learning-across seven identified resting-state networks, we assessed the temporal and spatial correlations indicative of treatment efficacy. Both temporal and spatial analyses revealed a consistent increase of correlation between the FMT and sham groups in the executive control and salience networks. Our results are further evidenced by a simulation study designed to mimic the progression of TBI severity through the introduction of variable Gaussian noise to an independent rs-fMRI dataset. The results demonstrate a decreasing temporal correlation between the sham and TBI groups with increasing injury severity, consistent with the experimental results. This study underscores the effectiveness of the methodology in evaluating post-TBI treatments such as the FMT. By presenting comprehensive experimental and simulated data, our research contributes significantly to the field and opens new paths for future investigations into TBI treatment evaluations.