年轻素食者、乳素食者、鱼类素食者、灵活素食者和杂食者的微量营养素摄入量和状况。

IF 4.1 2区 医学 Q2 NUTRITION & DIETETICS
European Journal of Nutrition Pub Date : 2024-10-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-18 DOI:10.1007/s00394-024-03453-4
Synne Groufh-Jacobsen, Christel Larsson, Claire Margerison, Isabelle Mulkerrins, Dagfinn Aune, Anine Christine Medin
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引用次数: 0

摘要

目的:在北欧国家,以植物性饮食为主的年轻人是否能满足他们对微量营养素的饮食需求仍不清楚。本研究旨在评估挪威青年在素食、乳荤素食、澎湖素食、柔性素食和杂食饮食中的微量营养素摄入量和状况:横断面设计,对象为16至24岁的健康青少年(n = 165)。要求参与者填写一份调查问卷和四次 24 小时饮食回忆。收集干血斑(DBS)和点滴尿液样本,分析甲基丙二酸(MMA)(n = 65)、血红蛋白(Hb)(n = 164)和尿碘浓度(UIC)(n = 163):素食者报告的习惯性补充剂使用率最高的是多种维生素(58%)、B12(90%)和大型藻类(32%),而柔性素食者报告的习惯性使用率最高的是欧米伽-3补充剂(56%)。在日常补充剂使用方面,素食者报告使用最多的是多种维生素(42%)、B12(79%)、碘(37%)和铁(63%)。发现维生素 D(乳-卵-素食者为 60%)、硒(乳-卵-素食者为 70%,杂食者为 65%)和碘(素食者为 63%)摄入不足的风险增加(经能量调整)。中位 MMA 水平表明,所有群体中 B12 不足的风险较低(MMA 0.04-0.37µmol/l),2% 的 MMA 水平表明可能缺乏 B12,8% 的 MMA 水平升高。中位血红蛋白水平表明所有组别贫血的风险较低(女性≥ 12.0,男性≥ 13.0 g/dl),但 7% 的血红蛋白值显示有轻度贫血的风险,4% 有中度贫血的风险。UIC 中位数表明所有组别均存在轻度缺碘(UIC 结论:UIC 中位数为 12.0(女性≥12.0)g/dl,男性≥13.0 g/dl我们的研究表明,参与研究的青少年大部分微量营养素摄入不足的风险较低,部分原因是补充剂的使用率较高。然而,碘、维生素 D 和硒摄入不足的风险较高。UIC 证实,素食者的碘摄入量较低。因此,我们建议,在实施强制性碘强化计划之前,应监测挪威青少年的碘状况,尤其是那些从膳食中漏掉碘来源的年轻育龄妇女。此外,我们还建议向挪威青年提供有关如何从食物中获取足够营养的食品教育,尤其是如何确保摄入充足的维生素D、硒和碘。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Micronutrient intake and status in young vegans, lacto-ovo-vegetarians, pescatarians, flexitarians, and omnivores.

Purpose: Whether youth who follow plant-based diets in Nordic countries meet their dietary needs for micronutrients remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate micronutrient intake and status in Norwegian youth following vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, pescatarian, flexitarian and omnivore diets.

Methods: Cross-sectional design, with healthy 16-to-24-year-olds (n = 165). Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire and four 24-hour dietary recalls. Dried blood spots (DBS) and spot-urine samples were collected for analysis of methyl malonic acid (MMA) (n = 65), haemoglobin (Hb) (n = 164) and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) (n = 163).

Results: Vegans reported highest habitual supplement usage of multivitamin (58%), B12 (90%) and macroalgae consumption (32%), while flexitarians reported highest habitual usage of omega-3 supplements (56%). For daily supplement usage, vegans reported highest use of multivitamins (42%), B12 (79%), iodine (37%) and iron (63%). Increased risk of inadequate intake (energy-adjusted) were found for vitamin D (60% within lacto-ovo-vegetarians), selenium (70% within lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 65% within omnivores), and iodine (63% within vegans). Median MMA levels suggest low risk of insufficient B12 status across all groups (MMA 0.04‒0.37µmol/l) and 2% had MMA levels indicating possible B12 deficiency and 8% had elevated levels. Median Hb levels indicated low risk of anemia across all groups (≥ 12.0 females, ≥ 13.0 g/dl males), though 7% had Hb values indicating risk of mild anemia and 4% risk of moderate anemia. The median UIC indicates mild iodine deficiency in all groups (UIC < 100 µg/l), except vegans, who were moderately iodine deficient (UIC < 50 µg/l).

Conclusions: Our study indicated that the participating youth had low risk of inadequate intake of most micronutrients, partly due to high supplement usage. However, for iodine, vitamin D, and selenium higher risk of inadequate intake was found. UIC corroborated the low iodine intake among vegans. Thus, we suggest iodine status of youth in Norway should be monitored, especially among young fertile women who omits dietary iodine sources, until a mandatory iodine fortification program is implemented. Furthermore, we suggest that food education on how to secure sufficient nutrients from food in general should be provided to the Norwegian youth population, especially how to secure adequate intake of vitamin D, selenium and iodine.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
10.20
自引率
2.00%
发文量
295
审稿时长
6 months
期刊介绍: The European Journal of Nutrition publishes original papers, reviews, and short communications in the nutritional sciences. The manuscripts submitted to the European Journal of Nutrition should have their major focus on the impact of nutrients and non-nutrients on immunology and inflammation, gene expression, metabolism, chronic diseases, or carcinogenesis, or a major focus on epidemiology, including intervention studies with healthy subjects and with patients, biofunctionality of food and food components, or the impact of diet on the environment.
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