捷克斯洛伐克社会主义党 1948 至 1989 年纲领性文件

Pavel Marek
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在本研究中,我们试图分析捷克斯洛伐克社会党在捷克斯洛伐克 "建设社会主义社会 "时期(1948-1989 年)的纲领性文件。1948 年 2 月共产党政变后,捷克斯洛伐克社会党从历史悠久的捷克斯洛伐克国家社会主义党的废墟中脱颖而出。作为一个新的政党,该党与其前身的纲领性原则拉开了距离,其前身追求的愿景是建立国家社会主义,将其作为人民改革努力的产物,本质上致力于建立一个基于民族传统的福利国家,拥护人道主义、民主和人类自由的理念,同时摒弃马克思列宁主义的概念以及复制苏联的社会主义和共产主义模式。因此,该组织成立后的首要任务之一就是制定自己的纲领。在成立之初,它赞同捷克社会党 1918 年的纲领,但这一临时解决方案很快被一系列宣言所取代,在这些宣言中,它与捷克斯洛伐克共产党的纲领目标保持一致。1949 年,该党通过了自己的组织规则,并在规则中加入了关于其核心纲领重点的信条,可以理解的是,这些信条并没有反映出该党在政治、经济、社会、文化和其他生活方面的全部兴趣和观点。然而,多年来,捷克斯洛伐克社会主义党一直将这一导言描绘成一份基本的、具有代表性的声明,以代替标准的党宣言,这是因为,1949 年捷克斯洛伐克共产党第九次代表大会确定了 "在捷克斯洛伐克建设社会主义社会的总路线",捷克斯洛伐克社会主义党将其作为自己政策和活动的指南,在此之后,为捷克斯洛伐克社会主义者起草纲领变得毫无意义,也许是不可取的。一直到 1989 年,捷克斯洛伐克社会党都没有自己的大会通过的标准纲领。1968 年政治局势解冻,出现了变革的机会之窗,捷克斯洛伐克出现了一个纲领大纲,该纲领深受当代寻求建立民主社会主义模式("人性化的社会主义")的影响,但这只不过是一个短暂的阶段,很快就被华约入侵捷克斯洛伐克和随后的 "正常化 "时代所压制。在 20 世纪 70 年代和 80 年代,库切拉领导的党试图通过采用科学社会主义思想作为党建设社会主义社会的蓝图,来抵制民族社会主义意识形态和党宣布自己为非马克思主义的倾向。但同时,它又宣布科学社会主义是对党员没有约束力的学说,允许党员倾向于不同的思想观点。直到 1989 年的进一步政治动荡,该党才有机会制定标准纲领。然而,领导层重新致力于社会主义的愿景,而这一愿景即使改头换面,也不再能引起公众的共鸣,在经历了许多变故之后,该党最终成为 1989 年后捷克政治体系中的一个边缘组成部分。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
PROGRAMMATIC DOCUMENTS OF THE CZECHOSLOVAK SOCIALIST PARTY FROM 1948 TO 1989
In the present study, we seek to analyse the Czechoslovak Socialist Party’s programmatic documents during the era of the “building of a socialist society” in Czechoslovakia (1948 – 1989). The party emerged from the ruins of the long-standing Czechoslovak National Socialist Party in the aftermath of the February 1948 communist coup. As a new political party, it distanced itself from the programmatic principles of its predecessor, which had pursued a vision of establishing national socialism as a product of the reformist efforts of people committed, in essence, to the idea of a welfare state built on national traditions, espousing the ideas of humanism, democracy, and human freedom, while spurning the concept of Marxism-Leninism and the replication of the Soviet model of socialism and communism. Thus, one of its foremost priorities after its constitution was to devise its own programme. In the early years of its existence, it subscribed to the Czech Socialist Party’s 1918 programme, but this makeshift solution was replaced in short order by a series of declarations in which it aligned itself with the programmatic goals of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. In 1949, it adopted its rules of organisation, in the introduction of which it inserted tenets about its core programmatic focus, which, understandably, did not reflect the full breadth of its interests and opinions on issues of political, economic, social, cultural, and other aspects of life. Nevertheless, for years the party portrayed this introduction as a fundamental and representative statement standing in for a standard party manifesto, stemming from the fact that, after the Ninth Congress of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in 1949, which defined the “general line for the building of a socialist society in Czechoslovakia”, and which the Czechoslovak Socialist Party adopted as a guide for its own policy and activities, the drafting of a programme for Czechoslovak Socialists became pointless, perhaps undesirable. All the way through to 1989, the Czechoslovak Socialist Party had no standard congress-adopted programme of its own. In the thawing of the political situation in 1968 that created a window of opportunity for change, an outline of a programme emerged that was heavily influenced by the contemporary climate seeking to construct a democratic model of socialism (“socialism with a human face”), but this was nothing more than a passing phase quickly suppressed by the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia and the subsequent era of “normalisation”. In the 1970s and 1980s, Kučera’s leadership of the party attempted to counter national-socialist ideology and the tendency for the party to declare itself non-Marxist by adopting the ideology of scientific socialism as a blueprint for the party’s approach to building a socialist society. Yet, at the same time, it proclaimed scientific socialism a doctrine that was not binding on party members and permitted them to lean towards a different ideological outlook. It was not until further political upheaval in 1989 that the party had a chance to formulate a standard programme. The leadership, however, recommitted itself to a vision of socialism, which, even in its reworked guise, no longer had the power to resonate with the public and, after many vicissitudes, the party ended up a marginal component of the Czech political system that coalesced after 1989.
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