Calibration to Differentiate Power Output by the Manual Wheelchair User from the Pushrim-Activated Power-Assisted Wheel on a Force-Instrumented Computer-Controlled Wheelchair Ergometer

To examine the biomechanical demands of manual wheelchair propulsion, it is crucial to determine the wheelchair user’s (WCU) force for propulsion technique parameter calculation. When using a pushrim-activated power-assisted wheelchair (PAPAW) on a wheelchair ergometer, a combined propulsion force from the WCU and PAPAW is exerted. To understand PAPAW’s assistance and distinguish the WCU’s force application from the force exerted by the PAPAW, both propulsion components must be assessed separately. In this study, a calibration of the PAPAW on an ergometer was developed to achieve this separation. The calibration consists of five steps: (I) Collecting data on force and velocity measured from the ergometer, along with electrical current and velocity from the PAPAW. (II) Synchronizing the velocity signals of the wheelchair ergometer and PAPAW using cross-correlation. (III) Calibrating the PAPAW’s electromotors to convert electrical current (mA) to force (N). A product-specific motor constant of 0.30, provided an average ICC of 0.563, indicating a moderate agreement between the raw ergometer data (N) and the motor constant-converted drive-rim (PAPAW) data (from mA to N). (IV) Subtracting the PAPAW’s force signal from the ergometer’s measured force to isolate forces generated by the WCU. (V) Using markerless motion capture to determine and validate the phase of hand contact with the handrim. This technical note provides an example of PAPAW calibration for researchers and clinicians. It emphasizes the importance of integrating this calibration into the development of PAPAW devices to reveal the complex interaction between PAPAW and WCU during wheelchair propulsion.