Gut-on-chip with integrated sensors: Enables in-situ monitoring and real-time evaluation of the chip

The rapid development of organ-on-chip (OOC) technology has been propelled by advancements in micro-nanofabrication processes and cell culture technologies. Researchers envision OOCs as models capable of simulating the functionality and structure of specific organs, aiming to develop microenvironmental models that encapsulate key physiological parameters. The gut has long been one of the most important organs in the human body, crucial for ensuring the digestion and absorption of nutrients and maintaining interconnected functions with other organs. Consequently, the development of gut-on-chip (GOC) has garnered significant attention. Integrating sensors into GOCs capable of monitoring relevant physical and chemical parameters within the chip is imperative for evaluating the functionality of the internal environment. This review summarizes and outlines integrated sensor technologies for GOCs, introduces manufacturing processes for OOCs, reviews relevant technologies for integrating microsensors with OOCs, and examines works combining sensors and GOCs to monitor simulated physiological parameters such as trans-epithelial resistance, oxygen levels, and other parameters. Additionally, attention is given to relevant technologies from other OOCs that could be applicable for monitoring in GOCs, providing insights for GOC detection technologies.