CPEB2-activated axonal translation of VGLUT2 mRNA promotes glutamatergic transmission and presynaptic plasticity

Local translation at synapses is important for rapidly remodeling the synaptic proteome to sustain long-term plasticity and memory. While the regulatory mechanisms underlying memory-associated local translation have been widely elucidated in the postsynaptic/dendritic region, there is no direct evidence for which RNA-binding protein (RBP) in axons controls target-specific mRNA translation to promote long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory. We previously reported that translation controlled by cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 2 (CPEB2) is important for postsynaptic plasticity and memory. Here, we investigated whether CPEB2 regulates axonal translation to support presynaptic plasticity. Behavioral and electrophysiological assessments were conducted in mice with pan neuron/glia- or glutamatergic neuron-specific knockout of CPEB2. Hippocampal Schaffer collateral (SC)-CA1 and temporoammonic (TA)-CA1 pathways were electro-recorded to monitor synaptic transmission and LTP evoked by 4 trains of high-frequency stimulation. RNA immunoprecipitation, coupled with bioinformatics analysis, were used to unveil CPEB2-binding axonal RNA candidates associated with learning, which were further validated by Western blotting and luciferase reporter assays. Adeno-associated viruses expressing Cre recombinase were stereotaxically delivered to the pre- or post-synaptic region of the TA circuit to ablate Cpeb2 for further electrophysiological investigation. Biochemically isolated synaptosomes and axotomized neurons cultured on a microfluidic platform were applied to measure axonal protein synthesis and FM4-64FX-loaded synaptic vesicles. Electrophysiological analysis of hippocampal CA1 neurons detected abnormal excitability and vesicle release probability in CPEB2-depleted SC and TA afferents, so we cross-compared the CPEB2-immunoprecipitated transcriptome with a learning-induced axonal translatome in the adult cortex to identify axonal targets possibly regulated by CPEB2. We validated that Slc17a6, encoding vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), is translationally upregulated by CPEB2. Conditional knockout of CPEB2 in VGLUT2-expressing glutamatergic neurons impaired consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memory in mice. Presynaptic-specific ablation of Cpeb2 in VGLUT2-dominated TA afferents was sufficient to attenuate protein synthesis-dependent LTP. Moreover, blocking activity-induced axonal Slc17a6 translation by CPEB2 deficiency or cycloheximide diminished the releasable pool of VGLUT2-containing synaptic vesicles. We identified 272 CPEB2-binding transcripts with altered axonal translation post-learning and established a causal link between CPEB2-driven axonal synthesis of VGLUT2 and presynaptic translation-dependent LTP. These findings extend our understanding of memory-related translational control mechanisms in the presynaptic compartment.