Analyzing the Architectural Style of Railway Stations Based on Geometry and Visual Complexity: Case Studies of Liaoning Terminal and Beijing Railway Station on the Peking–Mukden Railway

Liaoning terminal and Beijing railway station are significant architectural heritage sites along the Peking–Mukden Railway. Their architectural styles do not only embody their cultural value but also serve as their carriers. This study explores the relationship between the architectural styles of these two stations and their geometric characteristics to uncover the origins and underlying principles of their styles, thereby contributing to their preservation and renovation. By analyzing the geometric systems, order of plans and elevations, and the visual complexity of their elevations, the study provides valuable insights. The classical attributes of these stations are manifested through the use of geometric proportion systems with a considerable fractal dimension, demonstrating continuity across different scales. Conversely, their modernity and national style are reflected in the intricate elevation elements, which exhibit varying fractal dimensions across different elevation layers.