Berfu Göksel, Erin Koos, Jozef Vleugels, Annabel Braem
{"title":"优化氧化铝增韧氧化锆 (ATZ) 陶瓷直接油墨书写的分散剂:对悬浮行为和流变特性的见解","authors":"Berfu Göksel, Erin Koos, Jozef Vleugels, Annabel Braem","doi":"10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.07.090","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alumina toughened zirconia (ATZ) ceramics combine high biocompatibility with remarkable mechanical properties, making them suitable for dental and orthopedic implant applications. Producing these ATZ ceramics using slurry-based additive manufacturing necessitates homogeneous, stable suspensions with controlled particle sizes. Stabilizing such systems with the appropriate type and amount of dispersant is challenging, particularly since multi-component systems are prone to hetero-coagulation. In this study, ATZ powders with different surface areas were investigated to determine the optimum concentration of three commercially available dispersants: Darvan CN, Darvan 821A, and Dolapix CE64, which have been successfully used to stabilize Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and 3Y-TZP suspensions. Based on zeta potential (0.01 vol% suspensions), agglomerate size (0.01 vol% suspensions), sedimentation (10 vol% slurries), and rheological (40 vol% slurries) characterization, the optimum dispersant concentrations were found to be 0.50 mg/m<sup>2</sup> for Dolapix CE64, 0.75 mg/m<sup>2</sup> for Darvan 821A, and 1.50 mg/m<sup>2</sup> for Darvan CN. Among the studied dispersants, Dolapix CE64 was the most effective in terms of reduced sedimentation, smaller agglomerate size (0.70 μm), flow behavior, and low resistance to structure breakdown. The rheological assessment showed that slurries prepared with ATZ powder featuring a smaller specific surface area (7.3 m<sup>2</sup>/g) resulted in lower viscosity, critical stress, and equilibrium storage and loss moduli compared to those prepared with higher specific surface area (13.3 m<sup>2</sup>/g) starting powder. The sedimentation analysis however revealed that the larger specific surface area ATZ powder exhibited higher slurry stability. While 38 vol% ATZ pastes without dispersant showed inhomogeneous extrusion and the presence of aggregates, the filaments extruded from 45 vol% paste with 0.50 mg/m<sup>2</sup> Dolapix CE64 had a homogeneous and smooth structure and were free of aggregates, highlighting the importance of the dispersant addition for DIW.</p>","PeriodicalId":267,"journal":{"name":"Ceramics International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Optimizing Dispersants for Direct Ink Writing of Alumina Toughened Zirconia (ATZ) Ceramics: Insights into Suspension Behavior and Rheological Properties\",\"authors\":\"Berfu Göksel, Erin Koos, Jozef Vleugels, Annabel Braem\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.07.090\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>Alumina toughened zirconia (ATZ) ceramics combine high biocompatibility with remarkable mechanical properties, making them suitable for dental and orthopedic implant applications. Producing these ATZ ceramics using slurry-based additive manufacturing necessitates homogeneous, stable suspensions with controlled particle sizes. Stabilizing such systems with the appropriate type and amount of dispersant is challenging, particularly since multi-component systems are prone to hetero-coagulation. In this study, ATZ powders with different surface areas were investigated to determine the optimum concentration of three commercially available dispersants: Darvan CN, Darvan 821A, and Dolapix CE64, which have been successfully used to stabilize Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and 3Y-TZP suspensions. Based on zeta potential (0.01 vol% suspensions), agglomerate size (0.01 vol% suspensions), sedimentation (10 vol% slurries), and rheological (40 vol% slurries) characterization, the optimum dispersant concentrations were found to be 0.50 mg/m<sup>2</sup> for Dolapix CE64, 0.75 mg/m<sup>2</sup> for Darvan 821A, and 1.50 mg/m<sup>2</sup> for Darvan CN. Among the studied dispersants, Dolapix CE64 was the most effective in terms of reduced sedimentation, smaller agglomerate size (0.70 μm), flow behavior, and low resistance to structure breakdown. The rheological assessment showed that slurries prepared with ATZ powder featuring a smaller specific surface area (7.3 m<sup>2</sup>/g) resulted in lower viscosity, critical stress, and equilibrium storage and loss moduli compared to those prepared with higher specific surface area (13.3 m<sup>2</sup>/g) starting powder. The sedimentation analysis however revealed that the larger specific surface area ATZ powder exhibited higher slurry stability. While 38 vol% ATZ pastes without dispersant showed inhomogeneous extrusion and the presence of aggregates, the filaments extruded from 45 vol% paste with 0.50 mg/m<sup>2</sup> Dolapix CE64 had a homogeneous and smooth structure and were free of aggregates, highlighting the importance of the dispersant addition for DIW.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":267,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Ceramics International\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":5.1000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-07-08\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Ceramics International\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"88\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.07.090\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"材料科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Ceramics International","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.07.090","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
Optimizing Dispersants for Direct Ink Writing of Alumina Toughened Zirconia (ATZ) Ceramics: Insights into Suspension Behavior and Rheological Properties
Alumina toughened zirconia (ATZ) ceramics combine high biocompatibility with remarkable mechanical properties, making them suitable for dental and orthopedic implant applications. Producing these ATZ ceramics using slurry-based additive manufacturing necessitates homogeneous, stable suspensions with controlled particle sizes. Stabilizing such systems with the appropriate type and amount of dispersant is challenging, particularly since multi-component systems are prone to hetero-coagulation. In this study, ATZ powders with different surface areas were investigated to determine the optimum concentration of three commercially available dispersants: Darvan CN, Darvan 821A, and Dolapix CE64, which have been successfully used to stabilize Al2O3 and 3Y-TZP suspensions. Based on zeta potential (0.01 vol% suspensions), agglomerate size (0.01 vol% suspensions), sedimentation (10 vol% slurries), and rheological (40 vol% slurries) characterization, the optimum dispersant concentrations were found to be 0.50 mg/m2 for Dolapix CE64, 0.75 mg/m2 for Darvan 821A, and 1.50 mg/m2 for Darvan CN. Among the studied dispersants, Dolapix CE64 was the most effective in terms of reduced sedimentation, smaller agglomerate size (0.70 μm), flow behavior, and low resistance to structure breakdown. The rheological assessment showed that slurries prepared with ATZ powder featuring a smaller specific surface area (7.3 m2/g) resulted in lower viscosity, critical stress, and equilibrium storage and loss moduli compared to those prepared with higher specific surface area (13.3 m2/g) starting powder. The sedimentation analysis however revealed that the larger specific surface area ATZ powder exhibited higher slurry stability. While 38 vol% ATZ pastes without dispersant showed inhomogeneous extrusion and the presence of aggregates, the filaments extruded from 45 vol% paste with 0.50 mg/m2 Dolapix CE64 had a homogeneous and smooth structure and were free of aggregates, highlighting the importance of the dispersant addition for DIW.
期刊介绍:
Ceramics International covers the science of advanced ceramic materials. The journal encourages contributions that demonstrate how an understanding of the basic chemical and physical phenomena may direct materials design and stimulate ideas for new or improved processing techniques, in order to obtain materials with desired structural features and properties.
Ceramics International covers oxide and non-oxide ceramics, functional glasses, glass ceramics, amorphous inorganic non-metallic materials (and their combinations with metal and organic materials), in the form of particulates, dense or porous bodies, thin/thick films and laminated, graded and composite structures. Process related topics such as ceramic-ceramic joints or joining ceramics with dissimilar materials, as well as surface finishing and conditioning are also covered. Besides traditional processing techniques, manufacturing routes of interest include innovative procedures benefiting from externally applied stresses, electromagnetic fields and energetic beams, as well as top-down and self-assembly nanotechnology approaches. In addition, the journal welcomes submissions on bio-inspired and bio-enabled materials designs, experimentally validated multi scale modelling and simulation for materials design, and the use of the most advanced chemical and physical characterization techniques of structure, properties and behaviour.
Technologically relevant low-dimensional systems are a particular focus of Ceramics International. These include 0, 1 and 2-D nanomaterials (also covering CNTs, graphene and related materials, and diamond-like carbons), their nanocomposites, as well as nano-hybrids and hierarchical multifunctional nanostructures that might integrate molecular, biological and electronic components.