{"title":"采用其他消毒方法或提高污水处理厂的消毒剂用量来应对 COVID-19 大流行?从消毒效率、DBP 的形成和毒性角度看问题","authors":"Xiaobin Liao, Xinyue Liu, Yueyun He, Xueping Tang, Ruanjunjie Xia, Yongjun Huang, Wenhua Li, Jing Zou, Zhenming Zhou, Mazhan Zhuang","doi":"10.1007/s11783-024-1875-5","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, most sewage treatment plants increased disinfectant dosages to inactivate pathogenic viruses and microorganisms more effectively. However, this approach also led to the production of more disinfection by-products (DBPs). To ensure both disinfection efficiency and a reduction in DBP formation, new disinfection protocols are required. In this study, the disinfection efficiency, DBP amounts, and toxicity changes resulting from ozone (O<sub>3</sub>), ultraviolet (UV), chlorine (Cl<sub>2</sub>), and their combined processes were examined. The results demonstrated that the O<sub>3</sub>/UV/Cl<sub>2</sub> combination achieved the highest disinfection efficiency. Chlorination produced the most DBPs, whereas UV treatment reduced the formation of trihalomethane (THM), halogenated ketones (HKs), haloacetic acids (HAA), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by 45.9%, 52.6%, 82.0%, 67.95%, and 47%, respectively. O<sub>3</sub> also significantly reduced their production by 99.1%, 91.1%, 99.5%, 100%, and 35%. Intracellular organic matter (IOM) was identified as the primary DBP precursors, producing 2.94 times more DBPs than extracellular organic matter (EOM). The increased DBP formation during chlorination was attributed to IOM leakage and cell membrane damage, which was verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The toxicities of DBPs were evaluated for six disinfection methods, revealing inconsistent results. The overall toxicities were assessed using zebrafish embryo experiments. Both evaluations indicated that chlorination alone was the least favorable method. In addition, the toxicities followed a sequence: Cl<sub>2</sub> ≈ O<sub>3</sub>/Cl<sub>2</sub> > O<sub>3</sub> > O<sub>3</sub>/UV/Cl<sub>2</sub> > UV > UV/Cl<sub>2</sub>. These findings can serve as a reference for sewage treatment plants in selecting appropriate disinfection methods to manage the COVID-19 epidemic from comprehensive perspective.</p>","PeriodicalId":12720,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Alternate disinfection approaches or raise disinfectant dosages for sewage treatment plants to address the COVID-19 pandemic? From disinfection efficiency, DBP formation, and toxicity perspectives\",\"authors\":\"Xiaobin Liao, Xinyue Liu, Yueyun He, Xueping Tang, Ruanjunjie Xia, Yongjun Huang, Wenhua Li, Jing Zou, Zhenming Zhou, Mazhan Zhuang\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11783-024-1875-5\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>During the COVID-19 pandemic, most sewage treatment plants increased disinfectant dosages to inactivate pathogenic viruses and microorganisms more effectively. However, this approach also led to the production of more disinfection by-products (DBPs). To ensure both disinfection efficiency and a reduction in DBP formation, new disinfection protocols are required. In this study, the disinfection efficiency, DBP amounts, and toxicity changes resulting from ozone (O<sub>3</sub>), ultraviolet (UV), chlorine (Cl<sub>2</sub>), and their combined processes were examined. The results demonstrated that the O<sub>3</sub>/UV/Cl<sub>2</sub> combination achieved the highest disinfection efficiency. Chlorination produced the most DBPs, whereas UV treatment reduced the formation of trihalomethane (THM), halogenated ketones (HKs), haloacetic acids (HAA), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by 45.9%, 52.6%, 82.0%, 67.95%, and 47%, respectively. O<sub>3</sub> also significantly reduced their production by 99.1%, 91.1%, 99.5%, 100%, and 35%. Intracellular organic matter (IOM) was identified as the primary DBP precursors, producing 2.94 times more DBPs than extracellular organic matter (EOM). The increased DBP formation during chlorination was attributed to IOM leakage and cell membrane damage, which was verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The toxicities of DBPs were evaluated for six disinfection methods, revealing inconsistent results. The overall toxicities were assessed using zebrafish embryo experiments. Both evaluations indicated that chlorination alone was the least favorable method. In addition, the toxicities followed a sequence: Cl<sub>2</sub> ≈ O<sub>3</sub>/Cl<sub>2</sub> > O<sub>3</sub> > O<sub>3</sub>/UV/Cl<sub>2</sub> > UV > UV/Cl<sub>2</sub>. These findings can serve as a reference for sewage treatment plants in selecting appropriate disinfection methods to manage the COVID-19 epidemic from comprehensive perspective.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":12720,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":6.1000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-07-05\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1875-5\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1875-5","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
Alternate disinfection approaches or raise disinfectant dosages for sewage treatment plants to address the COVID-19 pandemic? From disinfection efficiency, DBP formation, and toxicity perspectives
During the COVID-19 pandemic, most sewage treatment plants increased disinfectant dosages to inactivate pathogenic viruses and microorganisms more effectively. However, this approach also led to the production of more disinfection by-products (DBPs). To ensure both disinfection efficiency and a reduction in DBP formation, new disinfection protocols are required. In this study, the disinfection efficiency, DBP amounts, and toxicity changes resulting from ozone (O3), ultraviolet (UV), chlorine (Cl2), and their combined processes were examined. The results demonstrated that the O3/UV/Cl2 combination achieved the highest disinfection efficiency. Chlorination produced the most DBPs, whereas UV treatment reduced the formation of trihalomethane (THM), halogenated ketones (HKs), haloacetic acids (HAA), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by 45.9%, 52.6%, 82.0%, 67.95%, and 47%, respectively. O3 also significantly reduced their production by 99.1%, 91.1%, 99.5%, 100%, and 35%. Intracellular organic matter (IOM) was identified as the primary DBP precursors, producing 2.94 times more DBPs than extracellular organic matter (EOM). The increased DBP formation during chlorination was attributed to IOM leakage and cell membrane damage, which was verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The toxicities of DBPs were evaluated for six disinfection methods, revealing inconsistent results. The overall toxicities were assessed using zebrafish embryo experiments. Both evaluations indicated that chlorination alone was the least favorable method. In addition, the toxicities followed a sequence: Cl2 ≈ O3/Cl2 > O3 > O3/UV/Cl2 > UV > UV/Cl2. These findings can serve as a reference for sewage treatment plants in selecting appropriate disinfection methods to manage the COVID-19 epidemic from comprehensive perspective.
期刊介绍:
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering (FESE) is an international journal for researchers interested in a wide range of environmental disciplines. The journal''s aim is to advance and disseminate knowledge in all main branches of environmental science & engineering. The journal emphasizes papers in developing fields, as well as papers showing the interaction between environmental disciplines and other disciplines.
FESE is a bi-monthly journal. Its peer-reviewed contents consist of a broad blend of reviews, research papers, policy analyses, short communications, and opinions. Nonscheduled “special issue” and "hot topic", including a review article followed by a couple of related research articles, are organized to publish novel contributions and breaking results on all aspects of environmental field.