Simulating liquefaction-induced resuspension flux in a sediment transport model

Wave-induced liquefaction is a geological hazard under the action of cyclic wave load on seabed. Liquefaction influences the suspended sediment concentration (SSC), which is essential for sediment dynamics and marine water quality. Till now, the identification of liquefaction state and the effect of liquefaction on SSC have not been sufficiently accounted for in the sediment model. In this study, we introduced a method for simulating the liquefaction-induced resuspension flux into an ocean model. We then simulated a storm north of the Yellow River Delta, China, and validated the results using observational data, including significant wave heights, water levels, excess pore water pressures, and SSCs. The liquefaction areas were mainly distributed in coastal zones with water depths less than 12 m, and the simulated maximum potential soil liquefaction depth was 1.39 m. The liquefaction-induced SSC was separated from the total SSC of both liquefaction- and shear-induced SSCs by the model, yielding a maximum liquefaction-induced SSC of 1.07 kg·m⁻³. The simulated maximum proportion of liquefaction-induced SSC was 26.2% in regions with water depths of 6–12 m, with a maximum significant wave height of 3.4 m along the 12 m depth contour. The erosion zone at water depths of 8–12 m was reproduced by the model. Within 52.5 h of the storm, the maximum erosion thickness along the 10 m depth contour was enhanced by 33.9%. The model is applicable in the prediction of liquefaction, and provides a new method to simulate the SSC and seabed erosion influenced by liquefaction. Model results show that liquefaction has significant effects on SSC and seabed erosion in the coastal area with depth of 6–12 m. The validity of this method is confined to certain conditions, including a fully saturated seabed exhibiting homogeneity and isotropic properties, small liquefaction depth, residual liquefaction dominating the development of pore pressures, no influence by structures, and the sediment composed of silt and mud that experiences frequent wave-induced liquefaction.