Genotype × environment × management analysis to define allometric rules between leaves and stems in wheat.

Allometric rules provide insights into structure-function relationships across species and scales and are commonly used in ecology. The fields of agronomy, plant phenotyping, and modeling also need simplifications such as those provided by allometric rules to reconcile data at different temporal and spatial levels (organs/canopy). This study explores the variations in relationships for wheat in terms of the distribution of crop green area between leaves and stems, and the allocation of above-ground biomass between leaves and stems during the vegetative period, using a large dataset covering different years, countries, genotypes, and management practices. The results showed that the relationship between leaf and stem area was linear, genotype-specific, and sensitive to radiation. The relationship between leaf and stem biomass depended on genotype and nitrogen fertilization. The mass per area, associating area and biomass for both leaf and stem, varied strongly by developmental stage and was significantly affected by environment and genotype. These allometric rules were evaluated and shown to have satisfactory performance, and their potential use is discussed with regard to current phenotyping techniques and plant/crop models. Our results enable the definition of models and minimum datasets required for characterizing diversity panels and making predictions in various genotype × environment × management contexts.