Phylogeny of Neolissochilus and studies on intergeneric kinship geography of Cyprinidae

Accurate species delimitation and phylogenetic reconstruction are vital to understand biodiversity assessments, conservation management, evolutionary patterns, evolutionary processes, and historical biogeography. The taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Neolissochilus (Cyprinidae) have a confusing history. We investigated the taxonomy and phylogeny of this group and related lineages using complete mitochondrial genome sequence data from 53 Cyprinidae species and one outgroup species. These analyses show that the monophyly of Neolissochilus and Tor is not supported. N. benasi might represent a new genus, and T. qiaojiensis should be moved into Neolissochilus. We estimated divergence times, evaluated the monophyly of this group, their relationship to other cyprinids, as well as the time course and geography of speciation. The results indicated that the family Cyprinidae likely diverged from other taxa during the Eocene (ca. 54.78 Mya), and species of various genera began to undergo massive diversification events during the Cenozoic Tertiary. The differentiation and diffusion of the family Cyprinidae might be attributed to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau uplift events, one of the geological events marking the Cenozoic Tertiary period, which cut off genetic exchange between populations through geographic isolation, thus facilitating genetic divergence between populations and eventually leading to the formation of new species. In addition, the results of this study still need further improvement. The limitations are mainly due to the small sample size and the use of only mitochondrial data; therefore, it still needs to be further verified by combining nuclear genome data.