Biological uses of nanomaterials within the safe handling and toxic effects: (Brain as a model)

Living organisms are prone to different types of nanomaterials and the interaction leads to biochemical alteration depending on the dose of received nanomaterials. At an average dose, nanoparticles cause toxicity, and they may induce oxidative stress by shifting the oxidoreduction equilibrium. Using a relatively low dose, nanoparticles can be beneficial in nanomedicine to correct deficiencies of essential elements. Moreover, nanoparticles can serve as carriers to deliver entrapped drugs through complex physiological media and finally reach the target organs or cells and release the drugs. Living cells have developed various strategies to nullify the effects of nanoparticles beyond their normal amount and release the key components retained by these particles. This review is focused on the nanoparticles' effects screening and investigates the correction of the nanotoxicity by the reported protective agents to make the use of nanoparticles safer. The model of this study concerns the brain as a highly sensitive organ and well protected by the blood barrier.