The Relationship Between Large dB/dt and Field-Aligned Currents During Five Geomagnetic Storms

During periods of increased geomagnetic activity, perturbations within the terrestrial magnetosphere are known to induce currents within conducting materials, at the surface of Earth through rapid changes in the local magnetic field over time (dB/dt). These currents are known as geomagnetically induced currents and have potentially detrimental effects on ground based infrastructure. In this study we undertake case studies of five geomagnetic storms, analyzing a total of 19 days of 1-s SuperMAG data in order to better understand the magnetic local time (MLT) distribution, size, and occurrence of “spikes” in dB/dt, with 131,447 spikes in dB/dt exceeding 5 nT/s identified during these intervals. These spikes were concentrated in clusters over three MLT sectors: two previously identified pre-midnight and dawn region hot-spots, and a third, lower-density population centered around 12 MLT (noon). The noon spike cluster was observed to be associated with pressure pulse impacts, however, due to incomplete magnetometer station coverage, this population is not observed for all investigated storms. The magnitude of spikes in dB/dt are determined to be greatest within these three “hot-spot” locations. These spike occurrences were then compared with field-aligned current (FAC) data, provided by the Active Magnetospheric Planetary Electrodynamic Response Experiment. Spikes are most likely to be co-located with upward FACs (56%) rather than downward FACs (30%) or no FACs (14%).