Impact of antiparasitic used in livestock: effects of ivermectin spiked sediment in Prochilodus lineatus, an inland fishery species of South America.

Ivermectin (IVM) is a widely used antiparasitic. Concerns have been raised about its environmental effects in the wetlands of Río de la Plata basin where cattle have been treated with IVM for years. This study investigated the sublethal effects of environmentally relevant IVM concentrations in sediments on the Neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus. Juvenile P. lineatus were exposed to IVM-spiked sediments (2 and 20 µg/Kg) for 14 days, alongside a control sediment treatment without IVM. Biochemical and oxidative stress responses were assessed in brain, gills, and liver tissues, including lipid damage, glutathione levels, enzyme activities, and antioxidant competence. Muscle and brain acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) and stable isotopes of ¹³C and ¹⁵N in muscle were also measured. The lowest IVM treatment resulted in an increase in brain lipid peroxidation, as measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in gills and liver, increased catalase activity (CAT) in the liver, and decreased antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) in gills and liver. The highest IVM treatment significantly reduced GSH in the liver. Muscle (AChE) was decreased in both treatments. Multivariate analysis showed significant overall effects in the liver tissue, followed by gills and brain. These findings demonstrate the sublethal effects of IVM in P. lineatus, emphasizing the importance of considering sediment contamination and trophic habits in realistic exposure scenarios.