Utilization of abandoned land as cattle grazing restores butterfly and flowering plant diversities in Japan

Abandoned land management threatens the maintenance of the diversity of flower-visiting insects and flowering plants. In recent years, cattle grazing on abandoned land has been practiced in Japan to utilize the abandoned land and reduce cattle feed costs. It is important to elucidate the restoration effects that cattle grazing has on the biodiversity of abandoned lands in warm, humid climate regions, such as Japan. However, there are limited case studies that examine the restoration effects on flower-visiting insects and flowering plants in Japan. In this study, we examined the effects of Tajima cattle grazing on the species richness and abundance of butterflies and flowering plants in abandoned lands in Muraoka-ku, Kami Town, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Our results revealed that the vegetation height was lower and species richness and abundance of butterflies and flowering plants was higher in the grazing lands. However, the abandoned lands had a higher vegetation height and significantly lower species richness and abundance of butterfly and flowering plant. Grazing pressure positively and significantly affected the species richness and abundance of butterfly and flowering plant. These results indicate that grazing increased the species richness and abundance of butterfly and flowering plant. There was no significant difference in the species composition between the grazing and abandoned lands, and no significant indicator species were detected in the abandoned lands. We conclude that Tajima cattle grazing systems on abandoned lands can restore the species richness and abundance of butterfly as well as flowering plants.