Kaniadakis entropy in extreme gravitational and cosmological environments: a review on the state-of-the-art and future prospects

Kaniadakis (\(\kappa \)-deformed) statistics is being widely used for describing relativistic systems with non-extensive behavior and/or interactions. It is built upon a one-parameter generalization of the classical Boltzmann–Gibbs–Shannon entropy, possessing the latter as a particular sub-case. Recently, Kaniadakis model has been adapted to accommodate the complexities of systems under the influence of gravity. The ensuing framework exhibits a rich phenomenology that allows for a deeper understanding of the most extreme conditions of the Universe. Here we present the state-of-the-art of \(\kappa \)-statistics, discussing its virtues and drawbacks at different energy scales. Special focus is dedicated to gravitational and cosmological implications, including effects on the expanding Universe in dark energy scenarios. This review highlights the versatility of Kaniadakis paradigm, demonstrating its broad application across various fields and setting the stage for further advancements in statistical modeling and theoretical physics.