Tuomas Häkkilä, Maxime Grandin, Markus Battarbee, Monika E. Szeląg, Markku Alho, Leo Kotipalo, Niilo Kalakoski, Pekka T. Verronen, Minna Palmroth
{"title":"6D 磁层混合动力模拟得出的大气奇氮对电子强迫的响应","authors":"Tuomas Häkkilä, Maxime Grandin, Markus Battarbee, Monika E. Szeląg, Markku Alho, Leo Kotipalo, Niilo Kalakoski, Pekka T. Verronen, Minna Palmroth","doi":"10.5194/angeo-2024-7","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Modelling the distribution of odd nitrogen (NO<sub>x</sub>) in the polar middle and upper atmosphere has proven to be a complex task. Firstly, its production by energetic electron precipitation is highly variable on hourly time scales. Secondly, there are uncertainties in the measurement-based but simplified electron flux data sets that are currently used in atmosphere and climate models. The altitude distribution of NO<sub>x</sub> is strongly affected by atmospheric dynamics also on monthly time scales, particularly in the polar winter periods when the isolated air inside the polar vortex descends from lower thermosphere to mesosphere and stratosphere. Recent comparisons between measurements and simulations have revealed strong differences in the NO<sub>x</sub> distribution, with questions remaining about the representation of both production and transport in models. Here we present for the first time a novel approach, where the electron atmospheric forcing in the auroral energy range (50 eV–50 keV) is derived from a magnetospheric hybrid-kinetic simulation with a detailed description of energy range and resolution, and spatial and diurnal distribution. These electron data are used as input in a global whole atmosphere model to study the impact on polar NO<sub>x</sub> and ozone. We will show that the magnetospheric electron data provides a realistic representation of the forcing which leads to considerable impact in the lower thermosphere, mesosphere and stratosphere. We find that during the polar winter the simulated auroral electron precipitation increases the polar NO<sub>x</sub> concentrations up to 200 %, 50 %, and 7 % in the lower thermosphere, mesosphere, and upper stratosphere, respectively, when compared to no auroral electron forcing in the atmospheric model. These results demonstrate the potential of combining magnetospheric and atmospheric simulations for detailed studies of solar wind – atmosphere coupling.","PeriodicalId":1,"journal":{"name":"Accounts of Chemical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":16.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Atmospheric odd nitrogen response to electron forcing from a 6D magnetospheric hybrid-kinetic simulation\",\"authors\":\"Tuomas Häkkilä, Maxime Grandin, Markus Battarbee, Monika E. Szeląg, Markku Alho, Leo Kotipalo, Niilo Kalakoski, Pekka T. Verronen, Minna Palmroth\",\"doi\":\"10.5194/angeo-2024-7\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Modelling the distribution of odd nitrogen (NO<sub>x</sub>) in the polar middle and upper atmosphere has proven to be a complex task. Firstly, its production by energetic electron precipitation is highly variable on hourly time scales. Secondly, there are uncertainties in the measurement-based but simplified electron flux data sets that are currently used in atmosphere and climate models. The altitude distribution of NO<sub>x</sub> is strongly affected by atmospheric dynamics also on monthly time scales, particularly in the polar winter periods when the isolated air inside the polar vortex descends from lower thermosphere to mesosphere and stratosphere. Recent comparisons between measurements and simulations have revealed strong differences in the NO<sub>x</sub> distribution, with questions remaining about the representation of both production and transport in models. Here we present for the first time a novel approach, where the electron atmospheric forcing in the auroral energy range (50 eV–50 keV) is derived from a magnetospheric hybrid-kinetic simulation with a detailed description of energy range and resolution, and spatial and diurnal distribution. These electron data are used as input in a global whole atmosphere model to study the impact on polar NO<sub>x</sub> and ozone. We will show that the magnetospheric electron data provides a realistic representation of the forcing which leads to considerable impact in the lower thermosphere, mesosphere and stratosphere. We find that during the polar winter the simulated auroral electron precipitation increases the polar NO<sub>x</sub> concentrations up to 200 %, 50 %, and 7 % in the lower thermosphere, mesosphere, and upper stratosphere, respectively, when compared to no auroral electron forcing in the atmospheric model. These results demonstrate the potential of combining magnetospheric and atmospheric simulations for detailed studies of solar wind – atmosphere coupling.\",\"PeriodicalId\":1,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Accounts of Chemical Research\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":16.4000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-06-12\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Accounts of Chemical Research\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"89\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-7\",\"RegionNum\":1,\"RegionCategory\":\"化学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Accounts of Chemical Research","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2024-7","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Atmospheric odd nitrogen response to electron forcing from a 6D magnetospheric hybrid-kinetic simulation
Abstract. Modelling the distribution of odd nitrogen (NOx) in the polar middle and upper atmosphere has proven to be a complex task. Firstly, its production by energetic electron precipitation is highly variable on hourly time scales. Secondly, there are uncertainties in the measurement-based but simplified electron flux data sets that are currently used in atmosphere and climate models. The altitude distribution of NOx is strongly affected by atmospheric dynamics also on monthly time scales, particularly in the polar winter periods when the isolated air inside the polar vortex descends from lower thermosphere to mesosphere and stratosphere. Recent comparisons between measurements and simulations have revealed strong differences in the NOx distribution, with questions remaining about the representation of both production and transport in models. Here we present for the first time a novel approach, where the electron atmospheric forcing in the auroral energy range (50 eV–50 keV) is derived from a magnetospheric hybrid-kinetic simulation with a detailed description of energy range and resolution, and spatial and diurnal distribution. These electron data are used as input in a global whole atmosphere model to study the impact on polar NOx and ozone. We will show that the magnetospheric electron data provides a realistic representation of the forcing which leads to considerable impact in the lower thermosphere, mesosphere and stratosphere. We find that during the polar winter the simulated auroral electron precipitation increases the polar NOx concentrations up to 200 %, 50 %, and 7 % in the lower thermosphere, mesosphere, and upper stratosphere, respectively, when compared to no auroral electron forcing in the atmospheric model. These results demonstrate the potential of combining magnetospheric and atmospheric simulations for detailed studies of solar wind – atmosphere coupling.
期刊介绍:
Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance.
Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.