Green biotherapeutics: overcoming challenges in plant-based expression platforms

Plant-based expression platforms offer a promising avenue to produce biotherapeutics due to their scalability, cost-effectiveness, and potential for complex protein expression. However, the widespread adoption of these platforms faces significant challenges. This review provides an overview of the current landscape of plant-based expression systems, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Regulatory hurdles, concerns about product purity and consistency, technical limitations, and economic considerations are discussed as major obstacles to the utilization of plant-based platforms. Strategies for overcoming these challenges, including advancements in genetic engineering, optimization of protein expression, post-translational modification and quality, and implementation of stringent quality control measures, are explored. Case studies and success stories illustrate the feasibility and potential of plant-based expression platforms for commercial production. Future perspectives and opportunities for collaboration between academia, industry, and regulatory agencies are also discussed. Ultimately, this review aims to provide insights into the potential of plant-based expression platforms and the path forward to harness their full potential in the production of green biotherapeutics.