The Impact of Post-COVID-19 Conditions on Sleep and Quality of Life in Indonesia: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Sleep disturbances are included in the six most commonly cited complaints in post-COVID-19 conditions. In order to find the optimal management approach and enhance Quality of Life (QoL), we intend to explore sleep disturbances that occur in post-COVID-19 conditions.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with interviews and questionnaires using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for assessing sleep quality, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) for assessing insomnia, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) for assessing Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS), STOP-BANG questionnaire for assessing Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), and Short Form 36 (SF-36) for assessing QoL. We recruited respondents from several cities in Indonesia and performed an analysis to find the relationship between sleep disturbance and its association with QoL.
Results: This study involved 757 respondents. They were predominantly female, with a median age of 39 years, no comorbidities, and had exhibited mild COVID-19 severity. Subjects with post-COVID-19 conditions experienced insomnia, poor sleep quality, normal sleepiness, and low risk of OSA. Sleep quality caused role limitations due to decreased physical and mental health. Insomnia caused role limitations due to emotional and social functioning problems. Meanwhile, OSA only affected physical functioning.
Conclusion: Numerous aspects of patients’ QoL are affected by sleep disturbance in post-COVID-19 conditions. A comprehensive approach and coordinated care pathways must be effectively managed to improve QoL among individuals experiencing sleep disturbance.