Temporal dynamics and persistence of resistance genes to broad spectrum antibiotics in an urban community

The constantly evolving and growing global health crisis, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), endangers progress in medicine, food production, and life expectancy. Limited data on population-level prevalence, including seasonal and temporal variations, hampers accurate risk assessment for AMR transmission, despite its paramount importance on both global and national fronts. In this study, we used quantitative real-time PCR (q-PCR) to analyze 123 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and 13 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in wastewater of a selected urban community. Sampling was conducted monthly over a 5-month period (December 2021–April 2022) to assess resistance diversity, temporal dynamics, co-abundance of ARGs, MGEs, and resistance mechanisms. Approximately 50% of the tested ARG subtypes were consistently detected in all months, with frequency ranging from 52 to 61% with maximum absolute abundance in the winter months (December and January). In co-abundance analysis, specific genes were clustered into modules, highlighting shared distribution patterns and functional associations among the ARGs and MGEs. Detected clinically significant genes (ndm-1 and cfiA) and other variants (blaoxy, aph, aacC, tet-35, tet M, tet-32) are capable of imparting resistance to 3rd and 4th generation (gen) β-lactam, aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and multidrug classes. These contribute significantly to core/persistent resistance. This study deepens our comprehension of temporal/seasonal fluctuations in ARG and MGE distribution, providing valuable evidence to guide AMR control policies and promote responsible antibiotic/antimicrobial use for preserving effectiveness.