Extra-anatomic bypasses as perfusion alternatives in the treatment of complex thoracoabdominal aortic disease

Introduction

The management of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAA) presents significant challenges for vascular and cardiothoracic surgeons due to the risk of ischemic complications. Various strategies have been implemented over time, including open repair with or without left heart bypass (LHB), endovascular, and hybrid approaches. Here, we explore the application of temporary extra-anatomic bypasses (TEAB) as a technique for complex open TAAA repair when the traditional standard of care is not feasible (i.e. Unavailability of LHB) or indicated (i.e. contraindication for systemic heparinization for LHB).

Case reports

Case 1 is an undomiciled 59-year-old male with a chronic type B dissection (CTBD) and degenerative TAAA with failed attempt at endovascular repair at an outside institution. An open repair of the visceral segment was performed with TEAB due to risk of impending rupture, prior failed endovascular repair, and unavailability of cardiac surgery. Additionally, a staged TEVAR was planned for treatment of the thoracic portion of the CTBD in two weeks’ time. The patient experienced sudden chest pain 10 days following the TAAA repair, prompting urgent TEVAR. No complications were observed. Case 2 is a 65-year-old male with a type 2 TAAA who underwent an open repair with the use of TEAB. Technical success was achieved with no complications.

Discussion

TAAA repair poses significant challenges regardless of the approach selected. However, the use of TEAB has shown promise in ensuring adequate perfusion of vital organs during complex repair when LHB is not an option. Preoperative planning is essential to minimize ischemic time and reduce complications. Studies have shown favorable outcomes with TEAB, however, evidence relies only on small series and case reports.

Conclusion

The use of TEAB is a valuable technique for safeguarding organ perfusion during open repair of TAAA. While further research and experience are needed, TEAB offers a promising alternative for cases where traditional approaches are not available. Continued exploration and documentation of TEAB in current literature will contribute to optimizing TAAA management strategies.