Recent advances in the catalytic applications of tin dioxide-based materials in the synthesis of bioactive heterocyclic compounds

Metal oxides are versatile catalysts in organic synthesis, exhibiting diverse properties such as acidity, basicity, redox behaviour, and stability. Among these, tin dioxide (SnO₂) stands out for its resilience and durability, making it a preferred catalyst. The reduced ionic character and high oxidation state (+4) of tin dioxide contribute to its heightened acidity. Tin dioxide based materials have gained significant attention as catalysts in heterocycle synthesis, cross-coupling, decarboxylation, ring-opening and ring-closing reactions, biodiesel synthesis, and glycerol transformations. Additionally, SnO₂-based materials are also employed as photocatalysts and photo-electrocatalysts.