Perception beyond sight: Investigating the cognitive maps of congenitally blind individuals in urban environments

This study explores the challenges faced by congenitally blind individuals in navigating urban environments. Specifically, this research investigates the factors that contribute to the construction of city mental mapping for individuals who are born blind. Thirty-one congenitally blind individuals from the University of Jordan were asked to define and describe specific elements of the city based on their personal experiences and imagination. Furthermore, participants were guided through two urban paths: familiar and unfamiliar. The participants were asked to complete a survey regarding their experiences during the tour. The collected data was analyzed by using thematic analysis. The results revealed that congenitally blind individuals construct their mental image of the city by using their three senses of touching, hearing, and smelling, as well as their safety and experience. This mental image consists of five key elements: links, reference points, areas, separators, and topography. Despite the small size of the study sample and the specificity of the context, the results of this study will tremendously help planners in designing highly inclusive urban environments. Incorporating characteristics that can be recognized by the blinds will enhance their accessibility of urban spaces, encourage independent mobility, increase the quality of life and social inclusion for them.