Low-performance diagnosis of covered anaerobic lagoons as a waste management strategy in the intensive dairy industry.

Covered anaerobic lagoons (CALs) are Latin America's main livestock waste treatment systems. Mexico has 680 CALs that present low biogas yields (0.05 m³ m^-3 digester d^-1) and low COD removal rates (< 60%). This work focused on diagnosing CAL´s low performance in dairy farms by determining and analyzing operational parameters. Seven CALs located in the main dairy basin of Mexico were analyzed. The sampling areas for each CAL were the supernatant, the active zone, settled sludge, and digester inlet and outlet. The variation of the process parameter values corroborated that CALs appeared stratified and not working as expected. The sludge zone, comprising 50-58% of total solids content and 1-15% of total CALs volume, showed an elemental compounds content suitable for organic fertilizer (340, 48, and 5 kg t^-1 of C, N, and S, respectively). However, this zone contained, at least, 85% of the slowly hydrolysable material; the methanogenic potential was less than 87 mL CH₄ g VS^-1, and the C/N ratio ranged from 4.9 to 17, outside of the optimal range. The biogas produced did not exceed 60% of methane content and more than 3000 ppm of H₂S. The sludge zone significantly influences the lagoon's dynamics since it is a nutrient sink. Furthermore, the lack of agitation is the leading cause for the low energy yield and the low removal of organic matter rate. This work provides valuable information to address the operational problems within the CALs improving our understanding that shall allow proposing reactivation alternatives.