富营养化的定义为何如此之多?

IF 7.1 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY
Alexandrine Pannard, Philippe Souchu, Christian Chauvin, Monique Delabuis, Chantal Gascuel-Odoux, Erik Jeppesen, Morgane Le Moal, Alain Ménesguen, Gilles Pinay, Nancy N. Rabalais, Yves Souchon, Elisabeth M. Gross
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引用次数: 0

摘要

自 20 世纪首次观测到湖泊的低营养和富营养化状态以来,研究人员一直对浮游植物生物量过高导致湖泊浑浊的过程很感兴趣。自 20 世纪中叶以来,富营养化的定义倍增且多样化,超过了其他任何生态过程。定义繁多的原因可能是以前的定义没有充分描述其原因和/或后果。全球变化使富营养化比以往任何时候都更受关注,这凸显了就共同定义达成共识的必要性,或至少解释和澄清为什么富营养化一词有不同的含义。为了找到共同的模式,我们分析了 138 个定义,并通过多重对应因子分析(MCA)将其分为三组。第一组包含最通用的科学定义,但其中许多定义将原因局限于营养物质供应的增加。单一定义考虑了所有原因,但需要额外的工作来澄清过程本身。养分污染是迄今为止人类世富营养化的主要原因,它产生了第二类环境定义,这些定义通常明确指出了相关的主要生产者。这些定义经常提到营养物污染的标志性后果,如藻类生物量增加、缺氧/缺氧和生物多样性减少。第三组包含操作性定义,侧重于营养物污染对生态系统服务造成的后果,因此与生态系统管理问题相关。这一组包含与法规有关的定义,主要是美国法律和欧洲指令。这些直接源于营养物污染问题的众多定义扩大了定义的范围,并反映了警告、立法和实施解决方案以纠正营养物污染的需求。满足这一需求不应与富营养化的科学研究相混淆,而必须以使用尽可能简单的词汇向尽可能多的人传播知识为基础。我们建议,操作定义(第 2 组和第 3 组)应将这一过程命名为 "营养物污染",从而有可能完善富营养化的(科学)定义,并扩展到其他挑战,如气候变暖、过度捕捞和其他与营养物无关的化学污染。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。

Why are there so many definitions of eutrophication?

Why are there so many definitions of eutrophication?

Because of the first observations in the 1900s of the oligotrophic and eutrophic states of lakes, researchers have been interested in the process that makes lakes become turbid because of high phytoplankton biomass. Definitions of eutrophication have multiplied and diversified since the mid-20th century, more than for any other ecological process. Reasons for the high number of definitions might be that the former ones did not sufficiently describe their causes and/or consequences. Global change is bringing eutrophication more into the spotlight than ever, highlighting the need to find consensus on a common definition, or at least to explain and clarify why there are different meanings of the term eutrophication. To find common patterns, we analyzed 138 definitions that were classified by a multiple correspondence factor analysis (MCA) into three groups. The first group contains the most generic scientific definitions but many of these limit the causes to increased nutrient availability. A single definition takes into account all causes but would require additional work to clarify the process itself. Nutrient pollution, which is by far the primary cause of eutrophication in the Anthropocene, has generated a second group of environmental definitions that often specify the primary producers involved. Those definitions often mention the iconic consequences of nutrient pollution, such as increased algal biomass, anoxia/hypoxia and reduced biodiversity. The third group contains operational definitions, focusing on the consequences of nutrient pollution, for ecosystem services and therefore associated with ecosystem management issues. This group contains definitions related to regulations, mainly US laws and European directives. These numerous definitions, directly derived from the problem of nutrient pollution, have enlarged the landscape of definitions, and reflect the need to warn, legislate and implement a solution to remedy it. Satisfying this demand should not be confused with scientific research on eutrophication and must be based on communicating knowledge to as many people as possible using the simplest possible vocabulary. We propose that operational definitions (groups 2 and 3) should name the process “nutrient pollution,” making it possible to refine (scientific) definitions of eutrophication and to expand on other challenges such as climate warming, overfishing, and other nonnutrient-related chemical pollutions.

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来源期刊
Ecological Monographs
Ecological Monographs 环境科学-生态学
CiteScore
12.20
自引率
0.00%
发文量
61
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The vision for Ecological Monographs is that it should be the place for publishing integrative, synthetic papers that elaborate new directions for the field of ecology. Original Research Papers published in Ecological Monographs will continue to document complex observational, experimental, or theoretical studies that by their very integrated nature defy dissolution into shorter publications focused on a single topic or message. Reviews will be comprehensive and synthetic papers that establish new benchmarks in the field, define directions for future research, contribute to fundamental understanding of ecological principles, and derive principles for ecological management in its broadest sense (including, but not limited to: conservation, mitigation, restoration, and pro-active protection of the environment). Reviews should reflect the full development of a topic and encompass relevant natural history, observational and experimental data, analyses, models, and theory. Reviews published in Ecological Monographs should further blur the boundaries between “basic” and “applied” ecology. Concepts and Synthesis papers will conceptually advance the field of ecology. These papers are expected to go well beyond works being reviewed and include discussion of new directions, new syntheses, and resolutions of old questions. In this world of rapid scientific advancement and never-ending environmental change, there needs to be room for the thoughtful integration of scientific ideas, data, and concepts that feeds the mind and guides the development of the maturing science of ecology. Ecological Monographs provides that room, with an expansive view to a sustainable future.
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