Identification and Absorption–Distribution–Metabolism–Excretion–Toxicity Prediction of Potential MTHFD2 Enzyme Inhibitors from Urtica dioica Ethanolic Leaf Extract

This study aimed to explore the potential of Urtica dioica (U. dioica) ethanolic leaf extract for cancer treatment by identifying its components, evaluating its effects on cancer cell lines, and analyzing its molecular docking. The objective of this study was to investigate the anticancer properties of U. dioica ethanolic leaf extract and assess its potential as a therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. This study utilized high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze the chemical composition of U. dioica ethanolic leaf extract. The anticancer effects of the extract were evaluated by assessing cell viability, determining IC50 values, and conducting ADMET analysis after oral administration. U. dioica ethanolic leaf extract was found to contain methyl hexadecanoate as its primary component, along with flavonoids and polyphenols. It effectively reduced cell viability in various tested cancer cell lines, with IC50 values varying for each cell line. The duration of treatment significantly influenced cell viability, with the most significant reduction observed after 48 h. Molecular docking studies suggested that catechin, kaempferol, and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside may have potential as inhibitors of the MTHFD2 enzyme. This study revealed the potential of U. dioica and its compounds in cancer treatment. Ethanolic leaf extract has been shown to have anticancer effects on various cancer cell lines, with catechin and kaempferol showing promise as inhibitors of the MTHFD2 enzyme. Further research is warranted to explore the therapeutic implications of U. dioica in cancer treatment.