Misbah Irshad , Mahmood Ahmed , Muhammad Ramzan , Mehreen Fatima , Fatima Aftab , Mudassar Sanaullah , Shaista Qamar , Zohaib Iftikhar , Tanveer A. Wani , Seema Zargar
{"title":"评估用于肌肉生长的蛋白质补充剂中的潜在有毒金属污染:化学计量学方法及相关人类健康风险","authors":"Misbah Irshad , Mahmood Ahmed , Muhammad Ramzan , Mehreen Fatima , Fatima Aftab , Mudassar Sanaullah , Shaista Qamar , Zohaib Iftikhar , Tanveer A. Wani , Seema Zargar","doi":"10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127481","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The use of protein supplements by athletes has risen due to their effectiveness in meeting dietary needs. However, there is a growing concern about the presence of potentially toxic metals (PTMs. Al, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in these supplements. Consequently, it is crucial to evaluate the levels of these PTMs to ensure the safety of the supplements.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The objective of the current study was to assess the PTMs concentrations in protein supplements and examine any possible health hazards. Twenty-five samples of protein supplements were purchased from different pharmacies to screen them for metals. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was utilized to analyze metal content. Additionally, chemometric methods such as Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed to identify possible sources of PTMs contamination in protein supplements.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Concentration ranges for PTMs were found as, Al (0.03–3.05 mg/kg), Cr (0.11–0.89 mg/kg), Mn (1.13–8.40 mg/kg), Ni (0.06–0.71 mg/kg), Cu (1.05–5.51 mg/kg), Zn (2.14–27.10 mg/kg), Cd (0.01–0.78 mg/kg), and Pb (0.06–0.57 mg/kg). The weekly intake of Cd exceeded the level of tolerable weekly intake (TWI) set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Athletes, bodybuilders, fitness enthusiasts, dieters, young adults and adolescents, and health-conscious individuals should be conscious of Cd concentration as it does not compliance the TWI set by EFSA. Target hazard quotient (THQ < 1), hazard index (HI < 1), margin of exposure (MOE ≥ 1), percentile permitted daily exposure (% PDE < 100), and cumulative cancer risk (CCR < 1 × 10<sup>−3</sup>) analyses revealed that there are no appreciable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with the use of these products.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49970,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 127481"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Appraisal of potentially toxic metals contamination in protein supplements for muscle growth: A chemometric approach and associated human health risks\",\"authors\":\"Misbah Irshad , Mahmood Ahmed , Muhammad Ramzan , Mehreen Fatima , Fatima Aftab , Mudassar Sanaullah , Shaista Qamar , Zohaib Iftikhar , Tanveer A. Wani , Seema Zargar\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127481\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The use of protein supplements by athletes has risen due to their effectiveness in meeting dietary needs. However, there is a growing concern about the presence of potentially toxic metals (PTMs. Al, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in these supplements. Consequently, it is crucial to evaluate the levels of these PTMs to ensure the safety of the supplements.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The objective of the current study was to assess the PTMs concentrations in protein supplements and examine any possible health hazards. Twenty-five samples of protein supplements were purchased from different pharmacies to screen them for metals. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was utilized to analyze metal content. Additionally, chemometric methods such as Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed to identify possible sources of PTMs contamination in protein supplements.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Concentration ranges for PTMs were found as, Al (0.03–3.05 mg/kg), Cr (0.11–0.89 mg/kg), Mn (1.13–8.40 mg/kg), Ni (0.06–0.71 mg/kg), Cu (1.05–5.51 mg/kg), Zn (2.14–27.10 mg/kg), Cd (0.01–0.78 mg/kg), and Pb (0.06–0.57 mg/kg). The weekly intake of Cd exceeded the level of tolerable weekly intake (TWI) set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Athletes, bodybuilders, fitness enthusiasts, dieters, young adults and adolescents, and health-conscious individuals should be conscious of Cd concentration as it does not compliance the TWI set by EFSA. Target hazard quotient (THQ < 1), hazard index (HI < 1), margin of exposure (MOE ≥ 1), percentile permitted daily exposure (% PDE < 100), and cumulative cancer risk (CCR < 1 × 10<sup>−3</sup>) analyses revealed that there are no appreciable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with the use of these products.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":49970,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology\",\"volume\":\"85 \",\"pages\":\"Article 127481\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.6000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-06-06\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0946672X24001019\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0946672X24001019","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Appraisal of potentially toxic metals contamination in protein supplements for muscle growth: A chemometric approach and associated human health risks
Background
The use of protein supplements by athletes has risen due to their effectiveness in meeting dietary needs. However, there is a growing concern about the presence of potentially toxic metals (PTMs. Al, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in these supplements. Consequently, it is crucial to evaluate the levels of these PTMs to ensure the safety of the supplements.
Methods
The objective of the current study was to assess the PTMs concentrations in protein supplements and examine any possible health hazards. Twenty-five samples of protein supplements were purchased from different pharmacies to screen them for metals. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was utilized to analyze metal content. Additionally, chemometric methods such as Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed to identify possible sources of PTMs contamination in protein supplements.
Results
Concentration ranges for PTMs were found as, Al (0.03–3.05 mg/kg), Cr (0.11–0.89 mg/kg), Mn (1.13–8.40 mg/kg), Ni (0.06–0.71 mg/kg), Cu (1.05–5.51 mg/kg), Zn (2.14–27.10 mg/kg), Cd (0.01–0.78 mg/kg), and Pb (0.06–0.57 mg/kg). The weekly intake of Cd exceeded the level of tolerable weekly intake (TWI) set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
Conclusion
Athletes, bodybuilders, fitness enthusiasts, dieters, young adults and adolescents, and health-conscious individuals should be conscious of Cd concentration as it does not compliance the TWI set by EFSA. Target hazard quotient (THQ < 1), hazard index (HI < 1), margin of exposure (MOE ≥ 1), percentile permitted daily exposure (% PDE < 100), and cumulative cancer risk (CCR < 1 × 10−3) analyses revealed that there are no appreciable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with the use of these products.
期刊介绍:
The journal provides the reader with a thorough description of theoretical and applied aspects of trace elements in medicine and biology and is devoted to the advancement of scientific knowledge about trace elements and trace element species. Trace elements play essential roles in the maintenance of physiological processes. During the last decades there has been a great deal of scientific investigation about the function and binding of trace elements. The Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology focuses on the description and dissemination of scientific results concerning the role of trace elements with respect to their mode of action in health and disease and nutritional importance. Progress in the knowledge of the biological role of trace elements depends, however, on advances in trace elements chemistry. Thus the Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology will include only those papers that base their results on proven analytical methods.
Also, we only publish those articles in which the quality assurance regarding the execution of experiments and achievement of results is guaranteed.