Crop designs: The ideal root architecture for future crop breeding

Root system architecture, a crucial agronomic trait for sustainable crop production, is influenced by a variety of internal developmental signals and external environmental factors. In this review, we highlight recent advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms behind root meristem maintenance, cell differentiation, lateral root growth, root hair development, and crown root formation. Additionally, we explore how abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, nitrate deficiency, and aluminum toxicity impact root system architecture. We identify key target genes that regulate root system architecture, offering potential targets for genome editing in future crop improvement. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in the de novo design of root system architecture.