Influence of tectonic effects on the formation and characteristics of landslide dams on the NE Tibetan Plateau: a case study in the Bailong River Basin, China

Hazards created by the landslide damming of rivers have become common in tectonically active mountainous areas. However, it remains unclear how tectonic effects may influence the formation and characteristics of landslide dams. The purpose of this paper is to explore how tectonic effects impact the drivers, geomorphic features, and activity characteristics of landslide dams along a fault zone. We investigated 83 landslide dams clustered along a fault zone in the Bailong River Basin. Most of the dams are located in areas of high tectonic stress, resulting from the rapid river incision and destruction of slope structure caused by intense tectonic activities in these areas. Statistical analysis, InSAR monitoring, and field investigation revealed that different tectonic effects were associated with significant differences in the geomorphic features, activity characteristics, and controlling factors of the landslide dams. Thus, we identified three distinct patterns of landslide dams in tectonically active mountainous areas: (1) Topography-driven landslide dams are caused by rapid rock uplift and river incision. Here, the steep terrain enhances the development of small landslides, the narrowness of the channels favors river damming, and the residual deposits on the hillslope remain active. (2) Tectonic activities promote the development of structural planes in the rock mass and reduce its strength, ultimately forming structural plane-controlled landslide dams. Although their volumes are not very large, the strong erosion resistance of rockslides can cause river damming and maintain the stability of deposits. (3) Fractured rock mass-controlled landslide dams are composed of broken rock and fault gouge. The extremely low strength of these materials allows them to form very large landslides that can easily dam the river, and maintain a slow-moving state. Through a geomorphological and geological model, our study offers new insights and enhances the understanding of the formation and characteristics of landslide dams induced by tectonic activity in mountainous regions.