ITER and TRT—Technological Platforms for Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion

To solve the main problems of designing a thermonuclear tokamak reactor, such as the experimental demonstration of quasi-stationary thermonuclear burning, generation of non-inductive quasi-stationary current; development of plasma technologies and materials of the first wall and divertor, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ITER is being designed, projects of DEMO demonstration reactors are being developed, and a Tokamak with Reactor Technologies TRT is being developed in Russia. The main components of the ITER (superconducting electromagnetic system (EMS) made of Nb₃Sn and NbTi, the first wall of W coated with a low-Z material, systems for additional plasma heating, experimental modules of a breeder blanket, plasma control systems, etc.) and TRT (EMS of high-temperature superconductors, first wall options of W with B₄C coating, TiB₂–AlN composite and liquid metal lithium, additional heating and quasi-stationary non-inductive current drive systems, innovative divertor, experimental breeder and hybrid blanket modules, reactor-compatible diagnostics and remote plasma control systems, etc.) technology platforms are presented. The technological platforms of the ITER being under construction and the TRT being designed contain an almost complete, according to modern understanding, set of technologies for the future thermonuclear reactor.