让-马丁-沙尔科(Jean-Martin Charcot),巴黎医学院论文评审团成员(1862-1893 年)。

IF 0.3 3区 哲学 Q3 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Olivier Walusinski
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引用次数: 0

摘要

让-马丁-沙尔科被认为是现代神经学的奠基人。关于他的一般传记和专门传记有很多,结果是新的文本是意料之外的,或者很可能构成剽窃。然而,迄今为止,对夏尔科担任医学教授的部分职责还根本没有进行过研究。本文将重点介绍沙尔科作为博士评审团成员,尤其是作为这些评审团主席所扮演的角色。我逐一审阅了约 12500 篇论文。从 1862 年(夏尔科担任助理教授的第一年)到他于 1893 年去世,这些论文都在巴黎医学院进行了答辩。在这些论文中,我选择了所有最广泛地讨论神经精神病学的论文(3,663 篇)。我特别关注了所有夏尔科担任评委的论文。这涉及 608 篇论文。所有数据都输入了一个数据库(Filemaker),以方便识别符合一个或多个标准的论文。然后进行统计比较(Excel 电子表格)。除了这些结果之外,还对所选论文的代表性进行了简短的个性化调查,调查对象可以是主题(多发性硬化症、失语症、Tabes、全身瘫痪等),也可以是特定标准(外国人、女性等),但所有论文都在包括沙尔科在内的评审团面前进行了答辩。因此,我们可以追踪医学界的研究领域是如何随着时间的推移而变化的,尤其是夏尔科的研究领域。夏尔科必须参加的评审团与他的学生的论文评审团不同,他与候选人没有任何特殊关系,也没有参与作品的选择和监督。在后一种情况下,论文主题通常与沙尔科的研究有关。在某些情况下,提供论文题目的动机是希望在医学界传播新的数据,不仅是通过论文本身,还通过医学报刊定期发表的报道(如对各种类型的震颤的诊断),以及通过这些数据的商业出版,在某些情况下还附有沙尔科的序言。在其他情况下,这篇论文是发展一种理论(癔病)的漫长过程中的一个步骤。或者,它导致了新观点的开花结果,但尚未得到充分证实,只有在得到令人信服的证实后,沙尔科才会在《教训》中涉及这些观点(肌萎缩症)。在这一丰富的宝库中,既有一些被忽视的观点,也有一些已成为经典的作品--例如,莱奥波尔德-奥登斯坦、伊万-普莫、伊萨克-布鲁赫、阿尔伯特-贡博和皮埃尔-雅内的论文。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
Jean-Martin Charcot, member of thesis juries at the Paris medical school (1862-1893).

Jean-Martin Charcot is considered the founding father of modern neurology. There are many general and specialized biographies about him, the result being that a new text is unexpected or would likely amount to plagiarism. However, part of the duties for Charcot's medical professorship have not, to date, been studied at all. This article will focus on the role of Charcot as a member of doctorate juries and, in particular, as the president of these juries. I have reviewed around 12,500 theses one by one. These were defended at the Paris medical school from 1862, Charcot's first year as an agrégé (assistant professor), to his death in 1893. Among the theses, I have selected all of those that discuss neuropsychiatry in the broadest terms (3,663). I have paid particular attention to all of those for which Charcot was part of the jury. This involves 608 theses. All of the data were entered in a database (Filemaker) to facilitate identifying those theses corresponding to one or more of the criteria. Statistical comparisons were then carried out (Excel spreadsheet). In addition to these results, brief individualized surveys were conducted on theses selected for their representativeness, either for the subject matter (multiple sclerosis, aphasia, tabes, general paralysis, etc.) or for specific criteria (foreigners, women, etc.), but all of the theses were defended before a jury that included Charcot. This makes it possible to track how the areas of study in the medical world changed over time, and particularly those of Charcot. The juries Charcot was obliged to be a part of, without any particular ties to the candidate and/or any involvement in the selection and supervision of the work, must be differentiated from the thesis juries for his students. In the latter case, the thesis subjects were most often linked to Charcot's researches. Providing a thesis subject was motivated, in certain cases, by the desire to disseminate new data in the medical profession, not only by dint of the theses themselves but also through the reports that the medical press published regularly (e.g. the diagnosis of various types of shaking) and through the commercial publication of these data, in some cases with a preface by Charcot. In other cases, the thesis was a step in the long process of developing a theory (hysteria). Or it led to a flowering of new ideas, insufficiently proven, which Charcot would only cover in his Lessons once there was convincing confirmation (amyotrophy). This rich cornucopia gives rise to certain neglected nuggets, as well as works that have entered the classical corpus-for example, the theses of Léopold Ordenstein, Ivan Poumeau, Isaac Bruhl, Albert Gombault, and Pierre Janet.

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来源期刊
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 社会科学-科学史与科学哲学
CiteScore
1.00
自引率
20.00%
发文量
55
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The Journal of the History of the Neurosciences is the leading communication platform dealing with the historical roots of the basic and applied neurosciences. Its domains cover historical perspectives and developments, including biographical studies, disorders, institutions, documents, and instrumentation in neurology, neurosurgery, neuropsychiatry, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neurochemistry, neuropsychology, and the behavioral neurosciences. The history of ideas, changes in society and medicine, and the connections with other disciplines (e.g., the arts, philosophy, psychology) are welcome. In addition to original, full-length papers, the journal welcomes informative short communications, letters to the editors, book reviews, and contributions to its NeuroWords and Neurognostics columns. All manuscripts are subject to initial appraisal by an Editor, and, if found suitable for further consideration, full- and short-length papers are subject to peer review (double blind, if requested) by at least 2 anonymous referees.
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